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论文编号：	9286
作者编号：	1120130791
上传时间：	2017/6/19 18:20:11
中文题目：	失败情境下创业学习机制——基于认知视角的研究
英文题目：	Mechanism of Entrepreneurial Learning in Failure Context Based on the Cognitive Perspective
指导老师：	张玉利
中文关键字：	创业失败；创业学习；创业认知；反事实思维；创业知识
英文关键字：	Entrepreneurial failure; Entrepreneurial learning; Entrepreneurial cognition; Counterfactual thinking; Entrepreneurial knowledge
中文摘要：	创业失败更有可能呈现实际结果与创业者预期结果或目标偏离的情境，这种认知或行为偏差有利于刺激、激发创业者反思与学习。本论文立足于对创业失败情境的独特性挖掘，揭示创业者失败后学习的微观机制，根据“反事实思维-创业学习-创业知识”的逻辑关系，构建失败情境下创业学习方式选择以及知识增加的路径模型。采用203份有效问卷检验相关假设，其主要发现和结论主要包括以下3点：第一，失败情境下双环学习比单环学习更有助于获取创业知识。借鉴经验学习理论并根据创业失败的独特特征，将失败情境下创业学习方式区分为单环学习和双环学习，研究发现单环学习有助于获取机会识别知识，双环学习有助于获取机会识别知识和应对新生劣势知识。创业者失败后，采用双环学习的学习效率和效果更好，能够在随后的创业活动中表现更好，有助于提升未来创业活动的创业绩效。第二，失败后的反事实思维作用于创业学习的路径存在差异。反事实思维是个体解构过去以理解现在，并为未来行为和事件做准备的认知机制，不同方向的反事实思维具有不同的作用。上行反事实思维能够通过对比不同方案与可能的结果，更好还原失败经过，理清因果关系，有助于单环学习。下行反事实思维有助于缓解创业失败成本带来的悲痛等负向情绪，但是不利于双环学习，阻碍其进行深度学习的可能性，降低学习效果和效率。失败后创业者应该学会平衡两种不同的反事实思维方式，发挥两种思维方式各自的优势，将失败后情绪调整到有利于学习的最佳状态。第三，创业失败成本和外部归因抑制双环学习。创业失败成本是衡量失败严重程度的一个重要指标，其与反事实思维的匹配关系很大程度上决定后续创业学习的深度。创业失败成本较低时创业者采取上行反事实思维能够诱发双环学习，但是创业失败成本很高时采取上行和下行反事实思维都会抑制双环学习。归因影响创业者对失败情景关注的焦点，内部归因强化上行反事实思维与单环学习的正向关系，外部归恶化下行反事实思维与双环学习负向关系。本文的创新点主要体现在以下三方面：第一，从反事实思维角度切入研究失败情境下创业学习的内在机理。在失败研究框架下引入反事实思维说明创业者对失败意义构建差异性的深层次原因，同时在反事实思维框架下论证创业学习方式选择差异性的内在过程机制。将创业情境、创业思维和创业行为结合起来丰富和完善了创业学习理论研究成果，拓展了心理学反事实思维的影响边界和适用范围。第二，提炼失败情境下创业学习方式及其对创业知识的作用机理，从学习方式角度解答创业者如何从失败中学习，解释创业者失败后学习内容和学习效果的差异性，为未来研究“学习-绩效”的复杂关系奠定了微观知识基础。第三，深化对创业失败成本的认知。使用数据检验不同创业失败成本条件下创业者的反事实思维与创业学习关系，发现创业失败成本具有的“双元性”。论文主要包括六章内容。第一章是绪论部分，主要概述论文研究背景、研究问题、研究意义、研究方法和过程。第二章是文献回顾，梳理了创业失败、创业学习和反事实思维相关的理论研究，评述现有研究的不足及可能的研究方向，同时阐述本研究的理论基础。第三章是模型构建与假设提出，主要从理论层面阐述反事实思维、创业学习和创业知识的概念模型，并提出了一系列变量之间的研究假设。第四章是研究设计与方法，主要介绍了问卷设计、变量测度方式、预调研、数据收集、数据整理及分析方法等内容。第五章是实证分析与讨论，主要通过实证数据对研究假设进行了检验，并进一步讨论了实证结果。第六章是结论与展望，主要归纳本研究的主要结论，分析可能的创新之处，总结对后续学术研究和实践启示，并指出不足和未来研究方向。
英文摘要：	Entrepreneurial failure presents a situation where there is a deviation from expectations or the original goals, which is more likely to activate refection and learning. Basing on the unique nature of the entrepreneurial failure, this paper looks deep into the micro mechanism of entrepreneurial learning from failure. Following the logic that counterfactual thinking would have an impact on entrepreneurial learning, with a result in the accumulation of knowledge, the conceptual model of entrepreneurial learning from failure is built. 203 valid questionnaires were used to test the hypothesis. The main findings are listed in the followings: First, double loop learning is a more effective way to the acquisition of entrepreneurial knowledge than single loop learning. According to the theory of experience learning and the unique characteristics of entrepreneurial failure, the ways of entrepreneurial learning is divided into single loop learning and double loop learning. Results show that single loop learning helps to obtain knowledge on opportunity recognition, while double loop learning facilitates obtaining knowledge on opportunity recognition, as well as coping liability of newness. Entrepreneurs can perform better in subsequent entrepreneurial activities through double loop learning. Second, different kinds of counterfactual thinking would influence learning in different ways. Counterfactual thinking is the imagination, reflection and re construction of the events that have occurred in the past, with a purpose of preparing for future actions and events. It has the functions of emotion and preparation. Counterfactual thinking in different directions can have different results.To be more specific, by comparing different alternatives and their potential outcomes, upward counterfactual thinking helps to realize the causes of failure, which contributes to single loop learning. Downward counterfactual thinking is helpful to alleviate negative emotions caused by failure. However, it is negatively related to double loop learning, by hindering thinking deep into failure. To be effective learners, entrepreneurs should make balance between these two kinds of thinking, trying to find the best emotional state for learning. Third, cost of failure and external attribution are negatively related to double loop learning. Cost of entrepreneurial failure is an important index to measure how severe failure is. The match of failure cost and counterfactual thinking determines the depth of entrepreneurial learning. When cost of failure is low, upward counterfactual thinking would activate double loop learning. However, when cost of failure is high, both upward and downward counterfactual thinking can inhibit double loop learning. In addition, attribution moderates the relationship between counterfactual thinking and learning. In the circumstances of internal attribution, upward counterfactual thinking would induce single loop learning; with external attribution, downward counterfactual thinking inhibits double loop learning. This study makes three innovation points. First, this study summarizes the rules of entrepreneurial learning from the perspective cognition. By examining the role of counterfactual thinking in learning from failure, we clarify the deep rooted reasons why there is difference in sense making after failure. The entrepreneurial environment, entrepreneurial thinking and entrepreneurial behavior combined to expand entrepreneurial learning theory, while expanding the influence of counterfactual thinking boundary. Second, this study explores the dimensions of ways of learning and investigates how do ways of learning influence learning outcome. In doing so, we further answer the question why the learning outcome varies, which goes beyond the investigation of learning and learning outcome directly. Third, this study deepens the understanding of failure cost. We demonstrate how failure cost influences the relationship between counterfactual thinking and learning, thus showing both the bright and dark side of failure cost and shedding light on the inconsistency between failure cost and learning. This paper mainly includes six chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part, mainly introduced the research background of this paper and the research question, research significance and research method. The second chapter is literature review, combed the theory research related to entrepreneurial failure,entrepreneurial learning and counterfactual thinking, the shortage of the existing research were reviewed and the possible research direction,. The third chapter is the model building, mainly focused on conceptual model of counterfactual thinking, entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial knowledge, and put forward a series of research hypothesis. The fourth chapter is the research design and methods, mainly introduced the questionnaire design, variable measure method, preliminary research, data collection, data consolidation and analysis, etc. The fifth chapter is the empirical analysis and discussion, mainly through empirical data on the hypothesis test, and further discusses the empirical results. The sixth chapter is conclusion and prospect, and mainly summarizes the main conclusions of this study, put forward and analyzed the innovation points, and points out the deficiency and future research direction.
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