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论文编号：	8241
作者编号：	2220130835
上传时间：	2016/6/4 15:22:41
中文题目：	A公司冷链配送系统优化项目风险管理研究
英文题目：	Research on Risk Management of A Company Cold Chain Distribution System Optimization Project
指导老师：	薛有志
中文关键字：	冷链物流;配送优化项目;实施;风险管理
英文关键字：	Cold Chain Logistics; Distribution Optimization Project; Implement; Risk Management
中文摘要：	世界经济的高速发展，人民的生活水平的不断提升，是冷链物流的需求与发展的直接原因。冷链物流(Cold Chain Logistics) 泛指冷藏冷冻类食品在生产、贮藏运输、销售，到消费前的各个环节中始终处于规定的低温环境下，以保证食品质量，减少食品损耗的一项系统工程。它是随着科学技术的进步、制冷技术的发展而建立起来的，是以冷冻工艺学为基础、以制冷技术为手段的低温物流过程。冷链物流的适用范围包括：初级农产品：蔬菜、水果；肉、禽、蛋；水产品、花卉产品。加工食品：速冻食品、禽、肉、水产等包装熟食、冰淇淋和奶制品，巧克力；快餐原料。特殊商品：药品。由于食品冷链是以保证易腐食品品质为目的，以保持低温环境为核心要求的供应链系统，所以它比一般常温物流系统的要求更高、更复杂，建设投资也要大很多，是一个庞大的系统工程。由于易腐食品的时效性要求冷链各环节具有更高的组织协调性，所以，食品冷链的运作始终是和能耗成本相关联的，有效控制运作成本与食品冷链的发展密切相关。 近几年来，随着中国经济实力的增强，人民群众对生活物质水平的要求逐渐增长，日常生活对蔬果、水产品等的需求日益增加。冷链物流与消费者的生活息息相关，冷链物流的理念逐渐升入人心，政府对食品安全的关注日益增长，现在冷链市场的规模已经不能让大众满意，需要进一步扩大。冷链物流的发展迎来了一个难得的机遇期。然而，中国物流起步晚，相对西方国家经验匮乏，较低的冷链流通率，质量与完整性在运输过程中的表现并不出色。据此带来成年累月的年损失量居高不下。究其根本，冷链基础设施设备资源的严重稀缺是我国面临的主要问题，现有的冷链设施条件过差，冷库存储能力小、分布区域失衡、管理水平低下。同时我们也能看到中国冷链的发展空间非常巨大。食品冷链产业蕴藏着很好的投资机遇，但有关专家也同时指出，中国食品冷链产业发展存在三大制约因素，企业投资冷链产业应扬长避短，从突破制约因素中找到商机。 首先，设施设备不足。目前，中国易腐物品装车大多在露天而非在冷库和保温场所操作，80%~90%的水果、蔬菜、禽肉、水产品都是用普通卡车运输，大量的牛奶和豆制品是在没有冷链保证的情况下运输的，运输这些易腐食品时大多在上面盖一块帆布或塑料布，有时棉被还成了最好的保温材料。造成这种窘境的直接原因是目前中国冷链设施和冷链装备严重不足，原有设施设备陈旧，发展和分布不均衡，无法为易腐食品流通系统地提供低温保障。 其次，技术标准缺位。由于食品冷链是以保证易腐食品品质为目的，以保持低温环境为核心要求的供应链系统，所以它比一般常温物流系统的要求更高，更复杂，建设投资也要大很多。而目前中国的冷链系统还只是一个早期的冷冻设备市场，掌握的冷链技术在很多食品种类上还不能完全应用，相对于国际先进水平差距很大。同时，中国冷链的实施没有国家或行业的专项标准，只有一些大型食品生产加工企业自己制定了一些标准，因此在监管上也是空白。 第三，产业配套不全。易腐食品的时效性要求冷链各环节必须具有更高的组织协调性。然而，中国冷链产业的整体发展规划欠缺影响了食品冷链的资源整合，供应链上下游之间缺乏配套协调。如在冷库建设中就存在着重视肉类冷库建设，轻视果蔬冷库建设；重视城市经营性冷库建设，轻视产地加工型冷库建设；重视大中型冷库建设，轻视批发零售冷库建设等问题。这些失衡使得中国食品冷链产业还未形成独立完善的运作体系。本文以A公司为例，随着时间的推移，投入的增加，企业规模不断增大，订单的数量及要求都达到从前的数十倍，原来的冷链配送系统已不能满足客户的需求，且冷链发展的不平衡越发明显。本着提高配送效率、打破桎梏、突破业务发展的目的，A公司迫切需要实现对冷链配送系统的优化，以降低成本、提高质量、平衡发展、打造企业品牌。但与大部分第三方物流企业相同，A公司缺乏先进的营销理念和科学的管理方法，特别是，风险意识的欠缺常常导致物流成本的增加、货物质量受影响以及不能按时交付货品等问题的困扰，在实施冷链配送优化项目时承担了巨大的风险，牵一发而动全身，一招失误将导致整个项目的失败，对A公司的资本与管理产生致命的打击。产生这些问题的主要原因是，没有对冷链配送优化项目进行有效的项目管理，没有在项目过程中引入风险管理的概念。因此，运用科学的理论知识对A公司冷链配送系统优化项目的风险管理研究显得尤为重要，全面展开风险管理对于A公司实施冷链配送系统优化项目具有十分重要的战略意义和现实意义。本文基于A公司正在实施的冷链配送系统优化项目，首先对风险及风险管理理论、项目管理及项目管理理论和冷链物流相关理论进行了系统研究；紧接着文章结合A公司冷链配送系统优化项目发展现状及特点，应用专业的风险管理知识和工具，对项目风险进行识别和评价，并按照项目实施的前期准备、推进实施、运行维护三个阶段对项目风险制定了应对不同风险的具体措施，以指导A公司冷链配送优化项目的风险管理工作，提高项目工作效率、提升顾客满意度、降低服务成本，从而最终实现A公司打造和完善冷链物流网络的目的，确保项目达到预定目标。
英文摘要：	High-speed development of world economy and improve people's living standards, is the direct cause of cold chain logistics needs and development. Cold chain logistics (Cold Chain Logistics) refers to the refrigerated and frozen food production, storage and transportation, sales to all aspects of the consumer will always be in front of a predetermined low temperature environment to ensure food quality and reduce food losses a systems engineering . It is with the progress of science and technology, development of refrigeration technology set up, freezing technology is based, low-temperature refrigeration technology as a means of logistics process. Scope chain logistics include: primary agricultural products: vegetables, fruits; meat, poultry, eggs; aquatic products, floral products. Processed foods: frozen food, poultry, meat, aquatic products and other packaging cooked food, ice cream and dairy products, chocolate; fast-food raw materials. Special commodity: drugs. As food cold chain is to ensure the quality of perishable foods for the purpose, in order to maintain a low temperature environment as the core requirements of the supply chain system, so it is higher than what is required at room temperature logistics system, a more complex, construction investment should be much larger, it is a huge project. Due to the timeliness requirement perishable food cold chain all aspects of the organization and coordination of higher, so the food is always cold chain operations and energy costs associated with the development of effective control of operating costs and food cold chain are closely related. In recent years, as China's economic strength, people's living standards gradually over the material growth, increasing daily needs for fruits and vegetables, aquatic products. Cold chain logistics and consumer lives, cold chain logistics concept gradually ascend to the people, the government's growing concern about food safety, and now the market size of the cold chain has not let the public satisfaction, we need to be further expanded. Cold chain logistics development ushered in a rare opportunity. However, China's logistics started late, the relative lack of experience in Western countries, a lower cold chain circulation rates, quality and integrity in the transport process of performance is not good. According to the amount of loss in the months and years to bring high. In essence, cold chain infrastructure equipment serious scarcity of resources is a major problem facing our country, the existing cold chain facilities is too poor, small cold storage capacity, distribution area imbalances, poor management. At the same time we can see the development of cold chain space China is huge. Food cold chain industry bears a good investment opportunity, but the experts also pointed out that the existence of China's three major food cold chain industry development constraints, business investment should exceed the cold chain industry to find business opportunities from breakthroughs factors. First, the lack of facilities and equipment. At present, China loading perishable goods, mostly in the open air, not in cold storage and insulation properties operations, 80% to 90% of the fruits, vegetables, poultry, aquatic products are ordinary truck, a lot of milk and soy products are under no circumstances guarantee the cold chain transport, transport these perishable foods mostly covered with a canvas or plastic sheeting, blankets and sometimes also became the best insulation materials. The immediate cause of this dilemma is that currently China cold chain and cold chain equipment a serious shortage of facilities, outdated equipment and existing facilities, and the uneven distribution of development, can not provide protection for the low temperature of perishable food distribution system ground. Secondly, the absence of technical standards. As food cold chain is to ensure the quality of perishable foods for the purpose, in order to maintain a low temperature environment as the core requirements of the supply chain system, so it is higher than the average normal temperature logistics system requirements and more complex, construction investment should be much larger. At present, China's cold chain system is only an early refrigeration equipment market, grasp the cold chain technology in many types of food can not be fully applied, with respect to the large gap between the international advanced level. Meanwhile, the implementation of China's cold chain is no specific national or industry standards, and only a few large-scale food production and processing enterprises to develop their own a number of criteria, so the regulation is blank. Third, supporting industries insufficiency. Timeliness requirements perishable food cold chain each link must have a higher organizational coordination. However, the overall development plan of China's cold chain industry, the lack of impact of the integration of resources food cold chain, lack of supporting coordination between upstream and downstream supply chain. As cold storage building on the existence of great importance to the construction of cold meat, fruit and vegetable cold contempt construction; urban management attention to construction of cold storage, cold storage construction contempt origin processing; pay attention to the construction of medium-sized cold storage, cold storage, wholesale and retail contempt and other issues. These imbalances make Chinese food cold chain industry has not yet formed an independent sound operation of the system. In this paper, A company, for example, over time, increase investment, enterprise scale is increasing, the number of orders and requirements have reached several times in the past, the original cold chain distribution system can not meet the needs of customers, and unbalanced development of the cold chain is more obvious. The spirit of improving the efficiency of distribution, breaking the shackles break business development purposes, A company is an urgent need to optimize the cold chain distribution system to reduce costs, improve quality, balanced development, build brand. But plagued with most third-party logistics enterprises the same, A company's lack of advanced marketing concepts and scientific management methods, in particular, the risk of lack of awareness often leads to increased logistics costs, and quality of the goods can not be affected by issues such as on-time delivery of goods in the practice of cold chain distribution optimization project assumed great risk, indeed affect the whole body, one by mistake will lead to the failure of the entire project, for a company's capital and management fatal blow. The main reason for these problems is that there is no cold chain distribution optimization project for effective project management, it does not introduce the concept of risk management in the course of the project. Therefore, the use of theoretical knowledge of scientific research projects on risk management company A cold chain distribution system optimization is particularly important for risk management in full swing A cold chain distribution system optimization company to implement the project has great strategic significance and practical significance. Based on cold-chain distribution system optimization A company is implementing the project, the first of risks and risk management theory, project management and project management theory and the theory of cold chain logistics has been systematically studied; followed Combining A cold chain distribution system optimization company project development status and characteristics of the application of professional knowledge and tools of risk management, project risk identification and evaluation, and in accordance with the preparation of project implementation, promote the implementation, operation and maintenance of three stages of the project risk to develop specific measures to cope with different risks to guide risk management company a cold chain distribution optimization projects, improve project efficiency, improve customer satisfaction, reduce service costs, and ultimately to achieve a company to build and improve cold-chain logistics network aim to ensure that the project reaches the intended target.
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