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论文编号：	5511
作者编号：	1120090728
上传时间：	2013/6/9 13:54:35
中文题目：	新生代群体偏好特征、竞争意愿和信任行为的实验研究
英文题目：	Experimental Study on Preference Characteristic, Competition Will and Trust Behavior of New Generations
指导老师：	李建标
中文关键字：	分配偏好；不平等厌恶；恶意偏好；竞争意愿；信任行为
英文关键字：	distributional preferences; inequality aversion; spite preferences; competition will; trust behavior
中文摘要：	上世纪80、90年代出生的一代人已逐渐成为社会的中坚力量，但这一群体的成长伴随着社会的剧烈变迁，他们的成长环境与其父辈显著不同。面对社会财富严重不均、社会信任问题突出和快速变化的社会，这一群体承受着前所未有的竞争压力，他们拥有较强的自我意识、对不平等的容忍程度较低、团队合作倾向较弱，新生代群体的这些特点根源于他们的偏好特征、竞争意愿和信任行为等。本文遵循行为和实验的研究纲领，从个体偏好出发，探讨新生代群体的利他、不平等厌恶、恶意等分配偏好特征，考察分配偏好与竞争意愿之间的匹配关系，探究信任的结构及其生发机制，以期为和谐社会构建和企业科学管理提供理论和信息支持。 首先，在扩展的F-S公平偏好模型基础上考察新生代的分配偏好。将分配偏好的三种形式——利他、不平等厌恶、恶意偏好——纳入统一的理论模型，从该模型出发，利用修正独裁者博弈和非参数诱导程序的方法展开分配偏好的研究。发现与国外人群相比，我国新生代样本的不平等容忍程度最高，同时恶意偏好类型的比例也较高。来自城市的人对不公平的接受程度较低，尤其是处于劣势不平等的情形时，城市人更难以接受不平等的分配结果。另外还发现新生代群体中性别之间的公平偏好不存在显著差异。 其次，考察利他、公平、恶意三种分配偏好与竞争意愿的匹配关系，发现不同分配偏好类型新生代参与者的竞争意愿存在差异，不平等厌恶偏好与利他偏好参与者相对厌恶竞争。同时还将不平等厌恶细化为领先厌恶与落后厌恶两个维度，发现落后厌恶与竞争意愿显著正相关，但领先厌恶与竞争意愿的相关性不显著；研究还发现风险厌恶程度与竞争意愿显著正相关，性别也会影响人们的竞争意愿。我们还考察了内生竞争机制的激励效应，即自主选择工资合同的激励效应，工资合同的自主选择不但能分离参与者竞争意愿类型，也具有一定的激励作用，参与者在自主选择竞争时，正确完成的工作量以及总完成的工作量都显著高于其他两种工资合同下的完成情况。 再次，设计信任博弈、风险博弈、彩票对选择等实验，考察信任程度与风险态度，探究二者之间的差异及联系。实验结果表明人们在自然风险状态下和人际交往风险状态下的决策行为存在显著差异，大部分人更信任由自然决定其收益，而不是由人际交往中的另一方决定，这表明情绪在人际交往中扮演重要的角色，背叛厌恶心理导致信任程度的降低。比较新生代不同性别的背叛厌恶程度发现女性背叛厌恶程度显著高于男性。研究还发现信任水平与获得框架下风险态度相关性不显著，利用损失框架下的风险态度检验发现性别影响人们的风险态度，进而影响信任程度，这一发现验证了信任行为和风险态度均是情景依赖的命题。 最后，利用信任博弈和扩展的独裁者博弈实验，考察基于偏好的信任和基于信念的信任在信任行为中的影响权重，以及“偏好—信念—信任”的传导路径。研究偏好—信念—信任过程中信念的中介效应，即偏好和信念共同影响人们的信任程度，偏好通过影响信念进而影响人们的信任程度。考虑偏好和信念对信任影响的权重系数时，发现社会偏好对信任的影响程度大于信念对信任的影响程度，这一结论也支持上世纪50年代韦伯对中国人信任影响因素的猜测。研究还发现男性被试的社会偏好对信任的影响程度大于女性，而女性的信念对信任的影响程度大于男性，女性信任的稳定性较差。 本文的创新有三个方面，第一，拓展了F-S公平偏好模型，将利他、不平等厌恶、恶意偏好纳入统一的框架，并从劣势不平等厌恶与优势不平等厌恶两个维度考察不平等厌恶与竞争意愿的关系，率先发现劣势不平等厌恶偏好型的人竞争意愿较弱。 第二，率先从损失框架视角考察信任行为与风险厌恶的关系，并比较新生代参与者在自然风险状态下和人际交往风险状态下的决策行为差异。人们在损失和获得框架下风险态度不一致——损失框架下风险偏好、获得框架下风险厌恶，我们率先发现信任行为中的冒险特点与损失框架下风险偏好相一致，同时也发现新生代参与者更喜欢非人格化的交往环境。 第三，率先将信念作为一个重要维度来考察信任的结构，将信任的研究深度从偏好层次推进到信念层次，构建了偏好—信念—信任理论框架，率先发现了偏好通过信念作用于信任的中介效应。
英文摘要：	The generation born in the 1980s and 1990s has gradually become the backbone of society. The growth of this group is accompanied by the dramatic social changes, the aggravated phenomenon of uneven distribution of social wealth and social trust dilemma. The upbringing of the new generations is significantly different from their fathers. Facing the new social environment which is rapidly changing, they are under unprecedented pressure of competition. This group has a stronger sense of self-awareness, a lower degree of tolerance for inequality and a weaker tendency for teamwork. Thus, studying the distributional preferences such as inequality aversion, altruism and trusting behavior of this group is in an urgent need. Based on the behavioral economics analysis paradigm and experimental economics methodology, the thesis discusses the distributional preferences such as inequality aversion, altruism, spite preferences and etc. from the perspective of individual preferences. The research also investigated the matching relations between the distributional preferences and competition will and explored the structure and germinal mechanism of trust. It provides theoretical and data support for the construction of our harmonious society and scientific management for the enterprise. First, the thesis measures the distributional preferences of participants. In order to measures distributional preferences, we expand F-S inequality aversion preference model, integrating three forms of distributional preferences including the altruism, inequality aversion and spite preference into a unified theoretical framework, then using modified dictator game and non-parametric induction procedure to measure distributional preferences on basis of this theoretical framework. Compared with similar researches abroad, our samples’ degree of tolerance for inequality are the highest, the proportions of spite preferences are also high. Compared with the subjects who come from rural areas, those who are in the urban areas manifest lower acceptance for inequality, especially when in the state of disadvantageous inequality, those who come from urban areas show more difficulty in accepting unequal results. We also find that there is no significant difference in fairness preferences between the genders. Second, the thesis examines the matching relations between three distributional preferences (altruism, fairness and spite preferences) and competition will and investigates the excitation effect of self-selecting competiton will. After dividing inequality into disadvantageous and advantageous inequality, we explore the factors which affecting participants’ competition will from the aspect of fairness preferences. We find that there is a difference in competition will between different types of subjects who differ in distributional preferences. Compared with other candidates, those who have the inequality aversion preferences and the altruistic preferences exhibit relatively high degree of aversion to competition. The correlations between disadvantageous inequality and competition will is highly significant and positive, but is not significant for the advantageous inequality. It also shows that the degree of risk aversion has a highly significant and positive influence on competition will, and gender will also affect people’s competition will. The self-selecting of wage contracts can not only separate different types of competition will of participants, but also has some incentive effects. Compared with the other two wage contracts, the number of questions which is correctly completed and the total number of completed questions are significantly higher than in the self-selecting contract. Third, a serious of experiments focusing on measuring the degree of trust and risk attitudes, such as the trust game, risk game and lottery-selecting game, were designed to explore their differences and relations. There are significantly difference in people’s decision-making behavior between the natural risk state and the interpersonal risk state, and people are more willing to choose a contract determined by the natural risk state rather than the other party in their interpersonal interaction with others. Our study also revealed that people’s degree of trust is inhibited by the betrayal aversion and emotions play an important role in interpersonal interactions. When comparing the degree of betrayal aversion in different genders, the female subjects exhibit a higher degree of betrayal aversion than the male. We also find that the correlation between the degree of trust and the risk attitude in gain framework is not significant. Using the risk attitudes in loss framework, we find that risk preference is affected by the gender, thereby affecting the degree of trust. This finding is confirmed by the fact that both the trust behavior and risk preference are context-dependent and there are different forms of expression in different contextual frames. Last, based on preference and belief, the thesis tests the weight of influence in trusting behavior using trust game and the modified dictator game, and it also examines the conduction path of preference-belief-trust. Studying the mediating effect of belief in the process of preference-belief-trust, that is, for one thing, preference and belief work together to affect people’s degree of trust, for another, preference has a mediator effect on trust through belief. After testing the mediating effect in the preference-belief-trust path, we find that preference has a direct effect on trust and preference has a mediator effect on trust through belief. After taking the mediating effect of belief into consideration and measuring the weight coefficients of preference and belief on trust, it shows that social preference has a greater influence on trust than belief, which is corresponding to Weber’s(1950s) guess about the factors that influencing people’s trusting behavior in China. We also find that the influence of social preference to trust is greater to male than female, while the influence of belief to trust is greater to female than male. Also, the stability of trust in female is worse than in the male. There are three main innovation of our study. First, expanding the F-S equity preference model by integrating altruism, inequality aversion and spite preferences into a unified framework. Examining inequality aversion and competition will from both advantageous and disadvantageous inequality and refining the existing studies on the relationship between inequality aversion and competition will. Second, treating belief as an significant dimension and taking the lead to examine the structure of trust and its mechanism so as to expand the previous studies which based on preference. We also discuss trust from the aspect of belief, which provides an theoretical support for the construction of social trust. Third, taking the initiative to explore the relations between trust behavior and risk aversion from the perspective of loss framework and comparing the differences in participants’ decision-making behaviors both in nature risk status and interpersonal risk status, thus deepening the current researches on the relations between trust behavior and risk attitude.
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