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论文编号：	4542
作者编号：	1120090701
上传时间：	2012/6/16 17:57:51
中文题目：	新企业社会网络构建的效应机制分析——基于效率和效果的实证研究
英文题目：	New Firms’ Social Networking and Performance: An Empirical Study Based on Efficiency and Effectiveness
指导老师：	谭劲松、张玉利教授
中文关键字：	新企业社会网络构建，网络构建效率，网络构建效果，效应机制，信任氛围，市场化程度
英文关键字：	new firms’ social networking, networking efficiency, networking effectiveness, consequences, trust climate, marketization
中文摘要：	社会网络在推动新企业成长及绩效改善中的关键作用促使创业者们越来越重视社会网络构建活动，但不同的新企业在社会网络构建过程及结果上呈现出差异，主要体现在“如何构建网络”以及“构建怎样的网络”两方面。这些蕴含差异的过程特征如何影响新企业初期绩效？基于此，本研究从过程视角出发聚焦新企业组织层面的社会网络构建活动，情境化借用效率和效果维度刻画该过程的本质特征，以此为基础深入探讨新企业社会网络构建活动如何影响其初期绩效，并进而挖掘二者关系的权变机制及边界条件，以期丰富现有研究、指导创业实践。本文利用143份针对新创企业创业者的有效问卷，采用因子分析、层级回归分析和调节回归分析等方法，对相关假设进行了实证检验。通过对理论假设的实证检验，本研究得出以下四点主要发现和结论：第一，新企业组织层面的社会网络构建及其主要特征是影响其初期绩效和成长的重要因素。网络构建活动最重要的意义是促进新企业获取外部资源以突破资源局限，满足生存和成长所需的资源。这也是效率和效果维度下的网络构建本质特征影响新企业初期绩效的核心路径。网络构建效果是新企业社会网络规模、强关联数量及优质关联数量等多项指标的综合，对新企业初期绩效有显著正向影响。网络构建效率主要由构建速度和构建投入两部分构成，二者在内涵及影响路径上的差异导致网络构建效率对新企业初期绩效产生不同方向的两种影响：网络构建速度所代表的效率（速度越快，效率越高）正向影响新企业初期绩效，而网络构建投入所代表的效率（投入越多，效率越低）负向影响新企业初期绩效，即对网络构建活动投入越多的新企业，其初期绩效越好。第二，新企业社会网络构建效率和效果在效应机制上存在重要差异。效率和效果兼具是新企业网络构建中较为理想的状态，但是在现实中很难达到，这就要求新企业在网络构建中做出选择性决策，实现有限资源的合理配置。从纵向对比来看，与学步期新企业相比，婴儿期新企业的网络构建活动对其初期绩效的影响更显著，即社会网络构建活动对新企业成长的效应随其成长阶段的延伸而变弱，这尤其体现在网络构建效果效应的变化上。从横向对比来看，对于婴儿期新企业而言，网络构建效果对初期绩效的影响比网络构建效率更显著，而对学步期新企业来说，网络构建效率对初期绩效的影响比网络构建效果更显著。第三，新企业所处的信任氛围正向调节新企业网络构建活动与初期绩效的关系。新企业所处环境中的信任氛围是组织间的信任基础，良好的信任氛围能够促使新企业社会网络构建活动更好地发挥对初期绩效的影响能力，尤其是网络构建效果的推动作用。良好的信任氛围增进新企业与其社会网络中关联组织的互动，减少其面临的难以承受的机会主义行为及合作风险，促进合作组织之间的信任积累，推动互惠性合作顺利开展，从一般关联向强关联的转化相对容易，而地位较高、资源获取能力较强的优质关联对新企业的疑虑及防范意识也会随之降低，有利于新企业整合外部资源，促进生存与发展。第四，代表市场环境的地区市场化程度调节新企业网络构建活动与初期绩效的关系，其中地区产品市场和要素市场发育程度对网络构建投入和效果效应机制的调节作用尤为显著。市场化程度的不断提高是经济转型期中国情境下市场环境的重要特点，该因素负向调节新企业社会网络构建对其初期绩效的推动作用，主要是削弱社会网络的非市场路径影响力，但同时，在特殊的要素市场中社会网络的市场路径影响力会因为市场环境的进一步规范化而得到改善和提高。因此，转型时期中国情境下的新企业应当根据市场环境的变化调整其社会网络结构从而改善网络产生效应的影响路径，降低对社会网络非市场路径支持的依赖，充分发挥其通过市场路径产生的积极作用。本研究的创新点和理论价值主要体现在以下三个方面：第一，情境化引入效率和效果视角描述新企业网络构建活动，有利于更系统、概括地描述该过程的本质特征。鉴于以往研究或忽略新企业网络构建过程，或只是以零散、片面的指标对该过程进行单一维度的简单描述，本研究情境化借用效率和效果视角系统地描述新企业网络构建过程的本质特征。其中效率侧重描述“新企业如何构建社会网络”，强调“用正确的方式构建网络”，具体体现于新企业网络构建速度和投入，而效果侧重描述“新企业构建起怎样的社会网络”，强调“构建正确的社会网络”，具体体现于所构建网络的规模、网络中强关联、优质关联的数量等多个指标。第二，从效率和效果视角解释新企业网络构建活动的效应机制并探讨其边界条件，有力地丰富、深化了有关创业网络与新企业成长关系的探讨。本研究借用效率和效果视角分别描述新企业组织层面网络构建过程的不同特征并以此为基础分别探讨网络构建效率和效果特征在效应机制上存在的异同，不仅弥补了以往研究过分关注创业者个体层面社会网络、忽略过程的不足，而且从更深层次挖掘了社会网络对新企业成长及绩效的影响，而分析成长阶段、信任氛围和地区市场化程度等新企业内外部因素如何作用于其网络构建效应机制，则从三个具有特殊性的角度进一步明晰了该效应机制的边界条件，丰富了现有的创业网络研究。第三，在探讨新企业社会网络构建效应机制的权变及边界条件时着重考虑地区市场化程度的调节作用，有利于推动中国情境下的创业研究。改革开放以来中国情境最主要的特点之一即为处于特殊的经济转型时期，在计划经济向市场经济转型的特殊时期，最突出的特点之一即在于市场环境的巨大变化，而市场环境的变化集中体现于市场化程度纵向上的巨大变化和横向上的地区不平衡。本研究从效率和效果视角阐释了地区市场化程度对新企业社会网络构建活动效应机制的调节作用，证明了经济转型时期中国情境下的新企业社会网络构建活动与外部市场环境紧密相关、积极匹配的关系，突出了特殊情境因素对研究问题的影响作用。本论文共分六章，基本结构如下：第一章绪论部分阐述了研究背景、问题来源、主要研究内容和研究方法，并介绍了研究技术路线及论文写作框架。第二章文献综述部分对构成本研究理论基础的相关已有研究进行系统述评，主要梳理了社会网络、社会资本、创业网络相关的研究及其发现。第三章情境化界定、测度新企业社会网络效率和效果，重点以已有理论为基础进行系列假设推导，聚焦回答新企业社会网络构建效率和效果是否以及如何影响新企业绩效的核心问题。第四章介绍了本研究采用的研究方法，并详细描述了研究设计过程。第五章是实证分析部分，通过有效的实证统计分析检验本研究所提出的有关新企业社会网络构建效应机制的系列假设，并就假设检验结果展开深入探讨。第六章归纳出本研究的主要研究发现和研究结论，指出主要创新点，分析研究中存在的不足，并展望未来研究。
英文摘要：	It is widely recognized by both theorists and practitioners that social networks play a critical role in entrepreneurship as well as new firms’ growth. Thus, entrepreneurs are all actively involved in building and maintaining their social networks at both individual and organizational levels. However, since different new firms do vary in their social networking, “how to build” and “what to build” are two interesting and intriguing questions to be answered in the process. In order to explore differences in new firms’ social networking and consequences of such differences, this research focuses on this special entrepreneurial activity at the organizational level, and portraits essential characteristics of this process by borrowing and contextualizing the special perspectives of efficiency and effectiveness. With 143 valid questionnaires answered by Chinese entrepreneurs, the research empirically examines how new firms’ social networking influences their performance and further explores contingencies and boundary conditions of this mechanism by considering the moderation of important environmental factors. Four primary conclusions are drawn from this empirical study: First, new firms’ social networking and its major characteristics exert significant influence on their performance and growth. Through efficient and effective social networking, new firms, which are greatly limited by the liability of newness and smallness, manage to assemble precious external resources that are essential to their survival and growth. High networking efficiency implies that new firms are able to establish their primary social networks at relatively lower cost and faster pace, which means they can get ready with required resources when good opportunities come. High networking effectiveness implies that new firms’ organizational networks include relatively more ties, especially close ties with frequent interactions and ties with higher status and richer resources. Second, though closely related, social networking efficiency and effectiveness are different in influencing new firms’ performance. While the ideal state of social networking is to achieve high efficiency and high effectiveness at the same time, new firms usually find it difficult to reach the ideal state and have to make a choice between the two. Vertical comparisons show that, social networking effectiveness is even more influential in infant firms than in Go-Go firms, which means that the great influence of social networking effectiveness on new firms’ performance is weakened with the progress of firms’ growth stage. Horizontal comparisons show that, among infant firms, social networking effectiveness is more influential than networking efficiency, while among Go-Go firms, the former is less influential than the latter. Such differences enlighten new firms at different stages to make different choices in their social networking. Third, trust climate that new firms are situated in positively moderates the relationship between new firms’ social networking and their performance. As foundation of inter-organizational trust, favorable trust climate helps stimulate new firms’ better performance with social networking and especially promote the positive influence of networking effectiveness. Furthermore, Favorable trust climate accelerates interactions between new firms and their networking partners, reduces opportunistic behaviors and cooperative risks, promotes trust accumulation among cooperative organizations, motivates them to achieve win-win situation in cooperation, and makes the transformation of common relation into close relation more easily. At the same time, in better trust climate, partners with higher status and more accesses to resources will reduce their doubts about new firms, which enables them to cooperate more closely and offer critical support more willingly. Fourth, marketization, which best reflects local market environment, moderates the relationship between new firms’ social networking and their performance, among which the development of local product market as well as local factor market significantly moderates the influential mechanism of networking input and effectiveness. The rapid progress of marketization is an essential characteristic of China’s transforming market environment. New firms’ social networking influences their performance through two different paths: the market path, which follows and works with formal market rules, and the non-market path, which penetrates into and goes against formal market mechanism. When local marketization negatively moderates social networking’s influence on new firms’ performance, it mainly weakens influence from non-market path. On the contrary, the influence of networking effectiveness from the market path is further strengthened by the development of local factor market. Thus, new firms in China’s transforming market environment must reduce their dependence on social networks’ influence from the non-market path and make best use of the positive influence from the market path by adjusting networking styles and networking structures. The major contributions of this research to the study of entrepreneurial networks are concluded in the following three aspects: First, while previous studies have largely ignored the process of new firms’ social networking, or simply described it with scattered varibles and dimensions, this study depicts and describes essential characteristics of new firms’ social networking in a systematic and general way by borrowing and contextualizing the special perspectives of efficiency and effectiveness. Networking efficiency focuses on how new firms construct their social networks and places special emphasis on the right methods exhibited in input and speed, and networking effectiveness concentrates on what social networks new firms should build and attaches great importance on the right network, which is mainly exhibited in structure and content of the network. Second, this research explores the relationship between new firms’ social networking and their performance from the contextualized perspectives of efficiency and effectiveness, and thus greatly enriches previous discussions about the link between entrepreneurial networks and new firms’ growth. After contextualizing the two borrowed perspectives and portraying new firms’ social networking in a more systematic way, this paper discusses and compares how networking efficiency and effectiveness influence new firms’ performance differently. By doing so, it not only makes up for the neglect of organizational networks and networking process in previous studies, but also offers a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurial networks and new firms’ performance. Comparisons between the two aspects as well as further discussions about the moderation of trust climate and maketization serve to clarify boundary conditions of the focused influential mechanisms, which also pushes forward studies on entrepreneurial networks. Third, this research discusses contingencies and boundary conditions of the relationship between new firms’ social networking and their performance by considering the moderation of China’s transforming market environment, which greatly promotes entrepreneurship studies in the special context. Since the reform and opening-up policy, China has been experiencing remarkable transformation from planning economy to market economy, and one of the most prominent characteristics in China’ market environment is the rapid and eneven progress of marketization in different regions. From the perspectives of efficiency and effectiveness, the research illustrates the moderation of regional marketization on the link between new firms’ social networking and performance. Results show that, regional marketization, especially development of regional product market and regional factor market significantly moderate the focused relationship. Such a bold and innovative attempt enriches entrepreneurship studies set in Chinese context and points out directions for further work. This dissertation is divided into six chapters, and the basic structure is as follows: Chapter 1 briefly introduces research background, research questions, methods, as well as theoretical framework of the current research. Chapter 2 reviews previous studies related to social networks, entrepreneurial networks as well as efficiency and effectiveness. Chapter 3 first contextualizes and defines new firms’ social networking efficiency and effectiveness, and then presents a series of hypotheses on the relationship between new firms’ social networking and performance as well as contigencies and boundary conditions of their link. Chapter 4 describes research methods employed in the current research, including research design, data collection and analytical techniques. Chapter 5 first reports and explains the results of empricial analyses, which tests hypotheses proposed in chapter 3. Finally, the last chapter summarizes major findings, draws conclusions of the research, pointes out possible innovation, and also points out directions of further studies by objectively analyzing limitations of this research.
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