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论文编号：	3927
作者编号：	1120070727
上传时间：	2011/12/7 12:06:04
中文题目：	先前创业经历在机会识别与开发中的作用机制研究
英文题目：	Research on the effect of previous entrepreneurial experience on the process of opportunity recognition and development
指导老师：	张玉利
中文关键字：	创业经历，期望落差，机会识别与开发，案例研究，中国创业动态跟踪项目
英文关键字：	Entrepreneurial experience, Met expectation, Opportunity recognition and development, Case study, CPSED
中文摘要：	创业对个人、企业、经济和社会的价值不言而喻。创业活动为社会创新、提高生产率、提升生活水平做出巨大贡献。遗憾的是，创业成功率低是一个不争的事实。尽管投入大量的时间和精力，付出了相当的成本，但创业的大部分努力没有取得期望的结果。如何提高创业成功率？向成功者学习是人们的普遍共识：相比初学者，有经验的人士在特定领域一般更容易成功。但学者们并未在创业情境下得出类似结论。曾经拥有创业经历的老手创业者再次创业是现实世界中的一种普遍现象，但有经验的创业专家创立的新企业绩效不一定比新手创业更好，甚至那些成功创办过企业的连续创业者，创立下一家企业也不一定必然成功。已有文献考察创业经历和新企业关系时强调经历对新企业绩效的影响，但先前的创业经历对新企业绩效的影响是复杂的。将创业者先前创业经历作为一种人力资源投资，创业老手既可能从先前创业经历中获得优势，也可能带来劣势。尽管在英文中经历和经验都用同一个词来表示，但两者具有明显的区别。经历指人们亲身见过、亲自做过的事；经验指人们经历、体验或观察某件事或某个事物后所形成的知识、技巧，并能应用于后续实践。前者强调过程，后者强调结果。大部分讨论创业经验的文章测量的其实是创业经历，所采用的指标包括是否创业或协助他人创业、先前曾经创业的次数、参与创建新企业的数量、经营的时间或担任职位高低等。本文试图在广泛吸收和借鉴已有研究成果的基础上，探讨先前的创业经历对创业者下一次开展创业项目的影响。研究者采用多案例深入访谈，发现有经验的创业老手和初次创业的新手在创业早期，尤其是机会识别与开发的过程中表现出来的差别并没有想象中的那么大。如果以有/无来衡量，他们在创业机会的来源、发现方式、机会的创新性、行业的相关性、为开发机会所采取的创建活动等方面似乎并没有什么明显区别。老手和新手都有创业的动机和激情，都会利用现有资源，做了自认为充分的准备，在创业过程中都遇到了之前没有考虑到的各种意外情况，都试图采取种种措施去解决这些困难。但创业实际的状况和创业者当初期望之间的差别，老手比新手要小得多。如果将创业看作创业者的一种职业生涯选择，借用人力资源领域用以衡量员工离职行为的概念“期望落差”，则有经验的创业老手的期望落差比新手来的更小。研究者对CPSED第一轮创业者对未来创业项目营业额和雇工的期望，与第二轮创业一年后实际绩效进行比较，数据表明，以雇工水平衡量的期望落差和创业经历具有显著相关性。研究者认为，不同的创业者个体在机会识别与开发的过程中表现出来的行为特征有所区别，但新手和老手之间的差异并不明显，不足以形成某种差异模式。个体之间的差异表现，与其说是先前创业经历的影响，不如说是该创业项目本身的特征和情境因素决定的。先前创业经历对创业者下一次创业的作用或者价值，可能并不是表面的知识或者技能，也有可能并不是创业者机会识别和机会开发的决定性因素，对新企业绩效的影响，并不是直接的。从经历到经验，有一个学习和转化的过程，先前创业经历带来的创业者认知或者态度上的变化，对创业者积极并且理性看待创业过程是十分重要的。本文主要采用质性研究方法，期间也运用了一些量化研究手段，期望能够从不同角度讨论先前创业经历对创业者下一次创业过程的影响。预研究中利用中国创业动态跟踪项目第一轮调研获得的601名新生创业者数据，采用量化研究方法讨论创业新手和老手的差异，用以判断研究问题是否值得继续；正式研究对10位来自不同行业、背景、经验各有差异的创业者进行深度访谈，通过对访谈材料的分析和编码构建理论。数据分析分为两个阶段，第一阶段研究者采用模式匹配逻辑，依据现有理论对创业新手和老手在机会识别和开发过程中的差异进行比较；第二阶段在对访谈资料进行反复研读的基础上，研究者提出期望落差假设，并利用中国创业动态跟踪项目两轮调查的321份有效样本验证该命题。这种来自不同数据来源、兼用归纳法和演绎法的全循环研究方法增强了研究的信度和效度。
英文摘要：	Entrepreneurship activities have improve innovation, productivity and life quality, not only for individual entrepreneur, but also for new venture and the whole society. Unfortunately, it is the fact that most of the start-up businesses failed eventually even the founders had spent all the resources who could find without projected outcomes. How to help the nascent entrepreneurs survive and succeed? It is well accepted that to learn from the winners, since the experienced experts are more likely to have better performance in certain domain than the novice. But the previous researches did not draw the similar conclusion from entrepreneurship circumstance. Although it is a common phenomenon that many people have setup more than one business, the new venture established by experienced entrepreneur is not necessarily better than that of the novice, even those serial and portfolio entrepreneurs who had successful experience may not for sure to be successful when they attempt to create another new one. Related literature focused on the relationship of previous startup experience and the performance of new ventures, which has been proved to be very complicated since the experienced entrepreneurs may get both benefits and drawbacks from previous experience. This research attempted to explore how entrepreneurial experiences influence next start-up activities. Based on in-depth multiple cases interview, the authors found that there were little difference between experienced entrepreneurs and novices in opportunity recognition and development, which is measured by whether yes or no questions about opportunity source, recognition method, opportunity innovation, industry relativity, and start-up activities. Both of these two categories had the motivation and passion, tried their best to leverage all the resources they could find, made fully preparation from their own perspectives, and they had attempted to solve the incidents and difficulties which they had never foreseen. But experienced entrepreneurs show less unmet expectation than that of novices, which was defined as the difference between the original expectation and the final results after a period of time. The authors verified above hypothesis by comparing the expectation of sales revenue and employee recruitment of nascent entrepreneur from CPSED I and actual outcomes data from CPSED II the data of which has been collected one year later. The data indicated that the unmet expectation based on employee recruitment has significant relation to entrepreneurial experience. Based on the interview data, the author found that the behaviors of individual entrepreneurs may different from each other during opportunity recognition and development process, but there was no clear evidence of the different model between experienced entrepreneur and novice. It was more likely the opportunity itself rather than previous experience that made these differences. The value of previous entrepreneurial experience on startup process may not be the explicit knowledge and skills which can be learned by formal or informal education or career experience, and it may not be the determining factor of new venture performance. The impact of previous entrepreneurial experience may be indirect, which may change cognition process and may help the entrepreneur taking serious and rational attitude on entrepreneurships. The author adopted mixed research method which combined the benefits of qualitative research and quantitative research method, discussed the research topic from different perspectives which may help to draw a robust conclusion. During pre-research phase the author attempted to investigate the difference between experienced entrepreneur and novice from the data of 601 nascent entrepreneurs of CPSED I. During the primary research period, the author explored the data of in-depth multiple interview of 10 entrepreneurs from varied industries, backgrounds, and experiences, and built hypothesis from the interview materials. Eventually, the hypothesis has been tested by the data collected from CPSEDI/II.
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