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论文编号：	232
作者编号：	20050754
上传时间：	2008/6/16 20:03:09
中文题目：	旅游产业集群：理论探索与发展模
英文题目：	Tourism Cluster:Theoretical Ex
指导老师：	李天元 教授
中文关键字：	旅游产业集群 主体结构 动力机制
英文关键字：	Tourism Cluster; Component Fra
中文摘要：	旅游产业集群是当代经济发展中的新兴现象。国外已有不少国家和区域开始有意识地引入集群理论发展旅游产业。大量实践表明，旅游产业集群具备一定的现实可操作性，对于区域经济的推动作用不可忽视。旅游产业在我国的蓬勃发展态势也为旅游产业集群的发展提供了现实土壤，不少区域已经出现了旅游产业集群的雏形，客观上表现出积极的集群效应。基于旅游业在国民经济中的重要地位和发展前景，如何在现有成功实践经验和科学理论认知的基础上对我国的旅游产业集群的发展进行有效的规范和引导，已经成为迫在眉睫的议题。然而，与学术领域对于制造业集群与信息产业集群所进行的多角度、全方位的研究相比，旅游产业集群的研究不仅远远落后于其它类型的产业集群，而且也落后于旅游产业集群的发展实践。 通过梳理国内外旅游产业集群的研究现状，针对目前理论研究中存在的理论价值和实践价值在有机互动、有机联系上出现断层这一不足，即很多纯理论研究缺乏应用导向的考虑、和实践产生了一定程度的脱节这一现状，本研究尝试从更积极务实的角度来研究旅游产业集群，以期建立对于旅游产业集群发展具有实际复制价值、操作价值的理论平台。这也是本研究的根本出发点。 本文从理论探索和应用性的发展模式这两部分分别展开研究。 其中，理论探索主要针对目前旅游产业集群界定较为混乱、内涵认识混淆的现状，旨在理清旅游产业集群的基本认识脉络。分别从静态和动态观点进行研究：首先从静态的观点，在微观区域的层面上重新界定了旅游产业集群的概念，总结出它具有市场集中性、分工专业性和环境依赖性这三方面的特征。由于核心吸引物在旅游产业集群中占据重要地位，本研究将旅游产业集群按照核心吸引物的不同划分为遗产型和人造景点型旅游产业集群两大类别，并从关联观点和区域观点分别探讨了集群功能。在对旅游产业集群的主体结构进行分析基础上，为了进一步从动态的角度把握旅游产业集群的发展变化规律从而深化理论探索层次，本研究还从产生机制、竞争机制以及风险机制这三方面剖析了旅游产业集群的动力机制。其中，旅游产业集群的主体结构是对其进行横向剖析的视角，而动力机制则是纵向剖析的视角。以上的基础理论探索为应用性的发展模式研究提供了理论基础和应用依据。 对旅游产业集群进行明确的内涵界定和发展规律探讨，最直接的目的就是为了在实践中指导旅游产业集群的发展，因此，本文在应用性研究中对旅游产业集群发展模式的适用性、发展模式的立体空间观、空间形态、区位指向和空间结构分别进行了探讨，并将实践中的旅游产业集群的发展模式分为封闭式和开放式两类，分析了两种类型之间的关系并进一步剖析了封闭式模式的植入问题。最后，结合国外发展旅游产业集群的经验借鉴，对国内长江三峡旅游产业集群进行了实证研究。 本研究的主要创新之处表现在以下三方面： 首先，本研究首次提出，只有从微观区域的层面去界定旅游产业集群，继而进行理论的其它逻辑推导才更具备现实发展的意义。这种从微观层面阐释旅游产业集群的视角具有一定的创新性。基于微观区域的研究更有利于在实践中指导旅游产业集群的发展。 其次，本研究在动力机制方面的研究具有一定的创新。研究首创性地构建了旅游产业集群的生成阶梯，从旅游产业集群生成的天然有利条件、必要条件以及充分条件搭建了该生成阶梯。认为旅游产业具有容易生成集群的天然有利条件。只有具备一定规模的客源基础，以及集群内部具备高品质的旅游产品，才拥有生成旅游产业集群的必要条件。而配套的基础设施、积极的政策扶植、顺畅的价值链接以及良好的区域联动则能为旅游产业集群的生成提供充分条件。此外还根据政府介入时间和程度对旅游产业集群产生的影响，提出了旅游产业集群生成的四象限类型。研究还从时空双维度分析了旅游产业集群的风险来源，并从集群中向心力和离心力的相互作用这一思路出发阐释了风险本质和表现，且相应提出了风险治理的目标及其CIs治理的思路。 此外，本研究提出了旅游产业集群具有封闭式模式和开放式模式这两种类型，这种划分角度具有一定的创新。在分析模式关系基础上以封闭式模式为原生态属性的对象，剖析了该模式得以实践并发挥集群优势的理论基础和实施途径。这对于具体旅游产业实践中如何有意识地运用集群理念指导旅游目的地的发展提供了有益的借鉴。
英文摘要：	Tourism Cluster is now an eye-catcher in contemporary age. In practice, many countries and regions abroad have taken infinite pains to carry out the idea of cluster in the field of tourism industry initiatively. A lot of international practice convinces us that Tourism Cluster is completely operable and is of great significance to a more advanced and prosperous regional economics. When it comes to our own domestic flourishing tourism industry, the current development surely paves the way for the emergence of Tourism Cluster. As a result, some tourism clusters effects have attracted the attention of many researchers, who argued that our domestic Tourism Cluster is now in its infancy. Given the promising prospect of tourism industry and its vital role played in domestic economics, it is crucial that we place great emphasis on the scientific research of Tourism Cluster to offer an effective theoretical guidance for its development in practice. However, the current research in this field falls short of the practice, especially when it is compared with the relatively mature research in the field of traditional manufactuer clusters and high-tech clusters. Literal research and case study are adopted in this research. Through a detailed literal review, a remark was made about a gap which was pinpointed between pure theory and its application possibility. Much current research in this field is characterized by a vital shortage in application-orientation, which make the pure theory hard to put into practice, thus loses the vitality of those theories. This research attempts to make a breakthrough from a more application-oriented perspective, in the hope that some operable ideas might be utilized in practice. This research falls primarily into two parts: theory exploration and development pattern. The former part aims to clarify the current confusing chaos that the definition of Tourism Cluster research as well as some other related theories confronts. this research advanced the original definition of Tourism Cluster from a micro region level. And the features of Tourism Cluster were concluded: centralized market, specialized division and environment dependency. According to the function and role of core tourism attraction, Tourism Cluster is classified into two categories: heritage-based and man-made attraction Tourism Cluster. Function of Tourism Cluster is another important part in the theoretical research. This research deduced the function from perspectives of both relationship and regional economics. Component framework is also established in the former part from a considerably static perspective. In order to carry the idea further, this research proceeds from another dynamic perspective to discuss the dynamism of Tourism Cluster. Three aspects involves in dynamism: they are emergence dynamism, competition dynamism and risk dynamism. The dynamism is a sort of vertical analysis compared with the previous component framework, which is a kind of lateral analysis of the Tourism Cluster. The research above both from static and dynamic perspectives offers the theoretical foundation for the forthcoming application oriented development approach. One of the purposes of clarifying exact definition the development rules is to serve as part of the guideline for the enhancement of Tourism Cluster in practice. So in the latter part of this research, a specific chapter is set aside for a detailed analysis of development approach. A three-dimensional target of development approach is put forward. The spatial configuration, location and spatial structure are analyzed in depth to give a direction as to how to arrange the spatial room in a Tourism Cluster. In addition, this research argues that the development approach falls into two major categories: closure approach and open approach, the relationship of which is discussed. And the closure approach as a core approach is singled out for detailed analysis. In the end, with reference to some experience of Tourism Cluster practice overseas, this research carry on an empirical study, focusing on the Tourism Cluster of Three Gorges of Yangtze River. The innovation lies in three aspects as follows: First, this research attempts to define Tourism Cluster from a more application-oriented perspective on a basis of micro regional level. Although it seems to be fine to explore Tourism Cluster from both macro and micro level, not to speak of mega level, when it comes to practice, the macro and mega level don’t live up to the specific requirement of tourism industry. Thus, this dissertation maintains that a focus on micro regional level is essential to the research of the field. Second, this research explores the dynamism from three aspects: emergence dynamism, competition dynamism and risk dynamism. This is a new approach. As for the emergence dynamism, an emergence ladder model was put forward, in which the natural cluster-proactive feature of tourism industry, necessary conditions (short for NC) and sufficient conditions (short for SC) are describle as a ladder helping Tourism Cluster to ascend. Two necessary conditions for the emergence of Tourism Cluster are market on a certain scale and high-grade tourism product. On the other hand, sufficient conditions consist of finely equipped infrastructure, positive policy, smooth value chain and good inter-regional duet. What’s more, according to the intervenient time and intervenient strength, quadrant categories are advanced. As for the competition dynamism, self-organizing, destination marketing and innovation are all on board of it. Self-organizing serves as the inner platform for the competition dynamism, while destination marketing serves as the outward strength, innovation as the continuous impetus to the Tourism Cluster. As for the risk dynamism, the origin of Tourism Cluster risk is analyzed from the dimension of time and space. The essence and manifest of risk are also explored from the interplay of centripetal force and eccentric force, which is a fresh perspective. The target of risk governance is put forward. In addition, CIs is advanced as an efficient solution. Third, as to how to consciously put Tourism Cluster into practice and inspire the positive functions, this article initialized closure approach and open approach for the development of Tourism Cluster. As the closure approach is at the centre of approach relationship, this research focuses on the closure approach, analyzing the theoretical foundation and solution to practice. The effort in this field can be viewed as a sort of innovation.
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