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论文编号：	14124
作者编号：	1120180956
上传时间：	2023/6/13 11:11:44
中文题目：	基于同侪影响的创新社区用户群体创新行为形成研究
英文题目：	Research on the Formation of User Group Innovative Behavior in Innovation Communities Based on Peer Influence
指导老师：	焦媛媛
中文关键字：	创新社区；用户群体创新行为；同侪影响；群体创新就绪；自下而上 群体有效性模型
英文关键字：	Innovation Community; User Group Innovative Behavior; Peer Influence; Group Innovative Readiness; FMO model
中文摘要：	在创新实践中，制造商并非唯一的创新主体，用户也可以实现创新。在传统线下情境中，用户创新的创新主体、创新内容以及创新扩散等各个方面都受到局限；而企业创建的创新社区为用户开展创新活动提供了一个有效平台，使用户创新形式从线下转移到了线上，不仅创新主体由以往的领先用户扩散到更广泛的一般用户，用户创新的内容也不再局限于根据自身需求改进已有产品，而是更深层次地渗入产品开发和创新的各个阶段，并且由于创新社区使以往松散、孤立的用户变得可以自由沟通和交流，用户创新成果的扩散也更为便捷有效。目前，为了激发用户创新活力、吸收用户创意，大量的国内外知名企业如小米、华为、星巴克、宝洁等均已创建创新社区。通过对创新社区的实践观察，本文发现社区中的创新主体不仅包含用户个体，还存在大量由用户个体自发组成的用户群体，群体成员共同开展创新活动的现象十分普遍。 然而在学术界，关于用户群体创新现象的探讨却十分有限。首先，由于创新行为是创新活动的根本形式和展示创新成果的有效载体，因而明确群体层面用户创新行为是探讨用户群体创新现象的重点之一。但在现有研究中，关于用户创新行为的探讨均聚焦于用户个体层面，而关于群体创新行为的探讨则是围绕着企业情境中的工作群体。由此，本文提出“用户群体创新行为”这一新构念，以解构其内涵和维度。其次，目前已有研究发现了创新社区用户群体的存在，但关于“创新社区中原本相互独立的用户个体如何汇聚为用户群体”这一问题尚未形成确切的理论解释。与工作群体这种由组织构建、自上而下形成的群体不同，用户群体是一种自发组成的、自下而上形成的群体，因而只有明确用户群体如何形成才能够进一步对群体层面用户创新行为展开探索。在现有自下而上群体的概念界定和群体形成研究中，学者们将群体定义为当个体间同时满足互动性、依赖性以及群体共享认同这三个特点时才会构成一个真正的群体；而关于群体形成机理，学者们会基于人际吸引理论、相互依赖理论或社会认同理论这三种理论视角，分别探讨个体间相互互动、相互依赖或形成群体共享认同的原因。由此可见，群体形成现象的理论解释与群体概念的理论界定存在着差距，为了弥合这一理论差距，本文尝试引入同侪影响视角，探讨在相互互动、相互依赖的用户个体之间所产生的同侪影响会如何促进其形成群体共享认同。最后，社会认同理论相关研究表明群体共享认同会显著促进群体行为，但关于“用户群体的群体共享认同会如何促进用户群体创新行为”这一问题尚不清晰。在目前的群体行为理论研究中，IPO模型和IMOI模型等关于群体有效性的理论模型均聚焦于工作群体这种自上而下群体，学术界中尚未提炼出能够为上述研究问题提供理论支持的自下而上群体有效性模型。由此，虽然目前已有少量研究探讨了用户群体的创新能力，但其是否能够构成群体共享认同影响用户群体创新行为的内在机理仍有待进一步探索，并且在该内在机理中是否还存在其他群体因素或社区因素的作用也尚待挖掘。 综上所述，本研究旨在探索“创新社区中群体层面的用户创新行为因何而形成”这一核心问题，并将其解构和聚焦为“用户群体创新行为的概念内涵和维度是什么”、“用户受到的同侪影响如何促进群体共享认同的形成”以及“群体共享认同如何激发用户群体创新行为”这三个研究问题。本文结合定性和定量研究方法，设计了四项子研究以探索上述问题。其中，子研究一运用嵌入式多案例研究方法，以六个创新社区及其用户群体作为嵌入式案例研究的次级分析单元和主分析单元，收集用户群体成员在社区中发布的帖子作为质性资料，运用程序化扎根理论方法进行编码分析，以此解构用户群体创新行为的概念内涵、用户群体形成与用户群体创新两个阶段的内在机理。子研究二运用归纳法和演绎法相结合的量表开发方法，开发用户群体创新行为概念的测量量表，并对子研究一解构出的用户群体创新行为三维度构思进行验证。子研究三运用问卷调研方法，向创新社区用户群体成员展开调研，探讨同侪影响的四个维度对群体共享认同的影响机理，由此检验子研究一中挖掘出的“用户群体形成”阶段内在机理。子研究四同样运用问卷调研方法，向用户群体成员以及创新社区版主展开调研，探讨三种类型用户群体创新行为形成过程的差异，并以此检验子研究一中挖掘出的“用户群体创新”阶段内在机理。 基于上述四项子研究，本文形成了以下主要研究结论：（1）用户群体创新行为是指“用户个体在创新社区中自发地组成用户群体并共同开展贡献创新资源、产生创新构想、实施创新构想三种行为，以达到促进企业产品、服务或技术创新的目的”；与用户个体创新行为和工作群体创新行为概念相比，其构念成分、理论边界等各种构念要素均有所不同。（2）关于用户群体形成阶段，定性研究发现同侪之间的趋同作用（同侪影响）使用户个体将同侪间的聚集视为一个真正群体而非简单的个体集合（实体性），并使用户个体以群体成员身份重新定义自己（群体认同），由此汇聚出群体成员共享的群体认同感（群体共享认同）；而定量研究发现，同侪影响的规范影响维度所形成的趋同作用本质上是个体对同侪的“顺从”而非“内化”，因而无法促进用户产生实体性感知。（3）关于用户群体创新阶段，定性研究发现群体成员在群体共享认同的作用下会不断修正、完善群体成员对群体的定义，准备好以用户群体身份开展创新活动（群体创新就绪），并在浓厚的社区创新氛围中进一步转化为用户群体创新行为；并且定量研究发现，三种不同的用户群体创新行为会受到不同的群体创新就绪维度和社区创新氛围的交互作用。（4）本文提炼出自下而上群体有效性模型遵循“群体形成-中介-群体输出（FMO）”过程，其理论逻辑为“当原本相互独立的个体相互互动、相互依赖并具有群体共享认同时就汇聚为群体，由此群体成员会共同考虑该群体能够实施何种行动、完成什么任务，进而确立可能的行动目标”，这与现有研究广泛探讨的工作群体等自上而下群体有效性模型的理论逻辑和基本思想存在差异。 本文的理论贡献主要体现于以下三个方面：（1）提出用户群体创新行为这一新构念并解构其形成机理，弥补了关于用户群体这一重要创新主体的研究缺口，深化了用户创新理论；（2）引入同侪影响理论发展了一个关于自下而上群体形成的新的理论解释，实现了人际吸引理论、相互依赖理论和社会认同理论这三个群体形成理论的整合；（3）辨析出自上而下群体和自下而上群体这两种不同的群体研究取向，提炼出阐释自下而上群体有效性的FMO模型，弥补了自下而上群体行为的研究缺口，深化了群体行为理论。同时，本研究形成了以下三个层面的管理启示：（1）在社区层面，未来社区管理者可以重视并鼓励社区中的用户个体聚集为用户群体的现象，同时社区未来也需要营造浓厚的创新氛围并发挥其培育作用，以更好地激发用户群体创新行为；（2）在企业层面，企业未来可以根据其新产品开发所处阶段快速筛选不同类型的用户群体创新行为，以提升其用户创意利用率；（3）在国家层面，为更好地实现我国“大众创业、万众创新”战略，根据FMO模型，未来可以在双创政策措施中强化对于双创实践者自发聚合为群体并共同开展创新创业活动的引导和管理。
英文摘要：	In the innovation practice, manufacturers are not the only innovation subjects, but also users can realize innovation. In the traditional offline context, the innovation subject, innovation content and innovation diffusion of user innovation are all limited. However, the innovation community created by enterprises provides an effective platform for users to carry out innovation activities, so that the form of user innovation is transferred from offline to online. Not only does the subject of innovation spread from the lead users to a wider range of general users, the content of user innovation is no longer limited to improving existing products according to their own needs, but it penetrates more deeply into all stages of product development and innovation. Moreover, as the innovation community enables previously loose and isolated users to communicate and exchange freely, the diffusion of user innovation results is more convenient and effective. At present, in order to stimulate users' innovation and absorb their creativity, a large number of domestic and foreign famous enterprises such as Xiaomi, Huawei, Starbucks, P&G, etc. have created innovation communities. Through the practical observation of innovation communities, this research finds that the innovation subjects in communities not only include individual users, but also a large number of user groups formed by individual users spontaneously, and the phenomenon of group members carrying out innovation activities together is very common. However, in the academic community, the theoretical exploration of the phenomenon of user group innovation is limited. First, since innovation behavior is the fundamental form of innovation activities and the effective vehicle for demonstrating innovation results, identifying group-level user innovation behavior is one of the priorities in exploring the phenomenon of user group innovation. In this paper, we propose a new concept of "user group innovative behavior" and deconstruct its connotation and dimensions. Secondly, existing studies have found the existence of user groups in innovation communities, but there has not been an exact theoretical explanation for the problem of "how independent users in innovation communities converge into user groups". Different from work groups, which are organized and formed from the top down, user groups are spontaneously formed and formed from the bottom up. Only when the formation of user groups is clear, can we further explore user innovation behaviors at the group level. In the existing studies on the concept definition and group formation of bottom-up groups, scholars define a group as a real group when individuals meet the three characteristics of mutual interaction, interdependence, and collective group identity at the same time. As for the formation mechanism of groups, scholars will explore the reasons for the formation of the above three characteristics among individuals based on three theoretical perspectives: interpersonal attraction theory, interdependence theory, or social identity theory. It can be seen that there is a gap between the theoretical interpretation of the group formation phenomenon and the theoretical definition of the concept of a group. In order to bridge this theoretical gap, this research attempts to introduce the peer influence perspective to explore how peer influence among interactive and interdependent individuals can promote the formation of a collective group identity. Finally, relevant studies on social identity theory show that collective group identity can significantly promote group behavior, but the question of "how collective group identity can promote user group innovative behavior" remains to be explored. In the current theoretical research on group behavior, the IPO model, IMOI model, and other theoretical models on group effectiveness focus on the top-down group of working groups. The academic community has not yet developed a bottom-up group effectiveness model that can provide theoretical support for the above research issues. Therefore, although a small number of studies have discussed the innovation ability of user groups, whether it can constitute the internal mechanism of collective group identity affecting user group innovative behavior remains to be further explored, and whether there are other group or community factors in this internal mechanism is still unclear. To summarize, this study aims to explore the core question of "What is the formation of user group innovative behavior in an innovation community?". It is deconstructed and focused on three research questions: "What is the conceptual connotation and dimension of user group innovative behavior?", "How does peer influence promote the formation of collective group identity?", and "How does collective group identity stimulate user group innovative behavior?". In this thesis, four sub-studies are designed to explore the above questions by combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. Among them, embedded multiple case studies were conducted in sub-study 1, with "user groups" as the primary unit of analysis and "innovation communities" as the secondary unit of analysis. Following the theoretical sampling principle, six innovation communities were selected, and a typical user group was chosen from each innovation community. Qualitative information was collected by gathering posts made by members of the user group in the communities. The posts were then coded and analyzed using the proceduralized grounded theory methods to deconstruct the conceptual connotation of user group innovative behavior, the mechanism of user group formation, and the mechanism of user group innovation. Sub-study 2 used a combined inductive and deductive scale development method to develop a measurement scale for the concept of user group innovative behavior and to validate the three-dimensional conceptualization of user group innovative behavior deconstructed in sub-study 1. In sub-study 3, questionnaires were used to investigate the members of user groups in innovative communities, to explore the influence mechanism of the four dimensions of peer influence on collective group identity, and to test the stage process of "user group formation" discovered in sub-study 1. Sub-study 4 also uses the questionnaire survey method to investigate the members of user groups and the moderators of the innovation community, to explore the differences in the formation mechanism of the three types of user group innovative behaviors, and to test the stage process of "user group innovation" excavated in sub-study 1. Based on the above four sub-studies, this thesis formed the following main research conclusions: (1) User group innovative behavior refers to "the spontaneous formation of a user group by individual users in an innovation community and the joint implementation of three types of behaviors: contributing innovation resources, generating innovation ideas, and implementing innovation ideas, in order to achieve the purpose of promoting product, service, or technology innovation of an enterprise". Compared with the concept of individual user innovative behavior and work group innovative behavior, its conceptual components, theoretical boundaries, and other conceptual elements are different. (2) Regarding the formation stage of user groups, the qualitative research found that the convergent effect of peers (peer influence) caused individual users to perceive the gathering of peers as a real group rather than a simple collection of individuals (entitativity), and caused individual users to redefine themselves in terms of group membership (group identification), which led to the convergence of group identity shared by group members (collective group identity). Whereas the quantitative research found that the convergent effect formed by the normative influence dimension of peer influence was essentially an individual's "conformity" to peers rather than "internalization", and thus did not promote users' perception of entitativity. (3) About the stage of user group innovation, the qualitative research found that group members under the role of consistent group identity (collective group identity) will constantly revise and improve the definition of group members to the group, ready to carry out innovative activities as a user group (group innovative readiness), and further transform into user group innovative behavior in the strong community innovation climate. And the quantitative study found that three different user group innovative behaviors would be influenced by different dimensions of group innovative readiness and community innovation climate. (4) Based on the mechanism of innovative behavior formation of user groups distilled in this paper and the existing research on bottom-up group behavior, such as self-organized groups and informal groups. This thesis finds that the bottom-up group effectiveness model follows the process of "group formation-mediation-group output (FMO)". Its theoretical logic is that "When individuals who were originally independent interact with each other, rely on each other, and have a collective group identity, they converge into a group, and the members of the group will jointly consider what actions the group can perform and what tasks it can accomplish, and then establish possible action goals". This differs from the theoretical logic and basic ideas of top-down group effectiveness models, such as work groups. The theoretical contributions of this study include: (1) Proposing a new concept of user group innovation behavior and deconstructing its formation mechanism, which fills the research gap on user groups as an important subject of innovation and deepens the theory of user innovation. (2) The peer influence theory is introduced to develop a new theoretical explanation of bottom-up group formation, and realize the integration of interpersonal attraction theory, interdependence theory, and social identity theory. (3) Identify two different group research orientations: top-down groups and bottom-up groups, and refine the FMO model to explain the effectiveness of bottom-up groups. This fills the gap in bottom-up group behavior research and deepens the theory of group behavior. At the same time, this research has formed the following three levels of management enlightenment: (1) At the community level, community managers in the future can attach importance to and encourage the phenomenon of individual users in the community to gather as user groups, and the community also needs to create a strong innovation climate, and play its nurturing role in the future, so as to better stimulate the user group innovative behavior. (2) At the enterprise level, enterprises can quickly screen different types of user group innovative behaviors according to the stage of new product development in the future, so as to improve the utilization rate of user creativity. (3) At the national level, in order to better realize the strategy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", according to the FMO model, future policies and measures of mass entrepreneurship and innovation can strengthen the guidance and management of innovation and entrepreneurship practitioners to spontaneously gather into groups and jointly carry out innovation and entrepreneurship activities.
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