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论文编号：	11828
作者编号：	1120150830
上传时间：	2020/6/22 12:38:17
中文题目：	时间计划方式对消费者目标追求的影响研究
英文题目：	The Impact of Scheduling Style on Consumer Goal Pursuit
指导老师：	李东进
中文关键字：	时间计划方式；钟表时间计划；事件时间计划；目标追求；感知忙碌
英文关键字：	Scheduling style; clock-time scheduling; event-time scheduling; goal pursuit; perceived busyness
中文摘要：	人们要实现目标，最好的路径通常是由小步骤和快速反应组成的。其中，关键是要制订一系列计划。没有计划的盲目追求，实现目标往往可能是一句空话。一个好的计划，可以让人们的思维清晰，给人们的行动指明方向，减少盲目性，提高做事效率，实现想要达成的目标。计划是目标的具体化，任何一个大的目标都可以分解为若干个子目标，任何一项大的任务必然是由一系列相关联的子任务组成，然后依据其相互关系编撰成序，组成一个体系，都为最终目标服务的工作序列。 通过制定计划提高做事效率并促进目标达成已经成为政府、企业以及个体采用的有效策略。大量计划相关研究也证明了制定计划有助于个体执行目标并提高目标动机，进而促进个体实现目标。然而，也有研究表明，制定计划会对目标追求带来负面影响。因此，研究需要进一步探究导致出现不同结果的原因及调节因素。不仅如此，已有研究陆续探索了制定计划对消费者目标追求的调节因素，例如，不同类型的计划方式。然而，研究却很少关注不同时间结构的计划方式对消费者目标追求的影响，尤其是在现实生活中使用最为广泛的钟表时间计划和事件时间计划。因此，本研究基于以往对计划与个体目标追求相关研究，探讨了不同时间计划方式对消费者目标追求的影响，以及感知忙碌的中介作用，并探索了一些可以调节三者关系的变量。 有关时间计划方式的研究表明，人们在日常生活中通常采用两种计划方式：钟表时间计划和事件时间计划。钟表时间计划是指，以客观钟表时间来安排每项任务（或目标），是个体对计划在未来某一个时间点或时间段完成意向行为的规划。事件时间计划是指，以事件完成顺序来安排每项任务（或目标），是个体对计划在某个特定事件发生后完成意向行为的规划。 本研究认为钟表时间计划较之于事件时间计划更加促进消费者目标追求。这是因为，相比于事件时间计划，钟表时间计划的时间结构把一系列目标拆分为更细的任务，从而使个体感到“时间密度”为更高，提高个体感知忙碌。另外，完成当前任务的同时，对下一个任务开始时间的关注可能会激发个体感知忙碌，这使人们在完成任务中投入更多的努力，从而促进个体实现目标。本文通过三个研究（包括一个纵向追踪实验，研究1A、研究1B及研究2）检验了不同时间计划方式影响消费者目标追求的主效应。研究结果发现，当被试采用钟表时间计划时（vs. 事件时间计划）在完成任务中表现更好，并且更多的被试正确完成了所有任务。此外，通过两个研究检验了感知忙碌在时间计划方式与消费者目标追求关系中起到的中介作用。研究结果发现，钟表时间计划较之于事件时间计划更容易促发被试的感知忙碌，从而在完成任务中表现更好（研究3A），然而，当启动感知忙碌时，被试在钟表时间计划组和事件时间计划组的表现以及任务完成程度上不存在显著差异（研究3B）。 此外，本研究提出了目标难度以及任务不确定性对时间计划方式影响消费者目标追求中起到的调节作用。本文认为当目标较难（vs. 易）时，相比于事件时间计划，钟表时间计划提高个体执行意向，降低拖延行为，则更有利于个体实现目标（研究4）。另外，通过研究5发现，当个体面对高不确定任务时，事件时间计划更加促进消费者达成目标，而当个体面对低不确定性任务时，钟表时间计划更加促进消费者达成目标。 本文进一步探究了目标紧急性对时间计划方式影响消费者目标追求的调节作用以及感知忙碌的被调节的中介作用。本文认为，当个体面临多个紧急目标时，引发个体感知忙碌，这时钟表时间计划和事件时间计划在个体目标追求上不存在显著差异，而当目标为不紧急时，个体将会降低感知忙碌，这时钟表时间计划（vs. 事件时间计划）更容易引发个体忙碌感知，从而促进目标追求（研究6）。此外，本文探讨了个体拖延症倾向对时间计划方式影响消费者目标追求的调节作用以及感知忙碌的被中介的调节作用。本研究认为，对于高拖延症倾向个体，钟表时间计划比事件时间计划更容易引发个体感知忙碌，从而促进目标追求，而对于低拖延症倾向（或高提前症倾向）个体，事件时间计划比钟表时间计划更容易引发个体感知忙碌，从而促进目标追求（研究7）。 本文探索不同时间计划方式对消费者目标追求的影响及其内在机制，进一步明确不同时间计划方式起不同作用的边界条件，并采用中国和美国样本对其进行了有效的检验，且得出了一系列重要研究结论。这些研究结论不仅具有重要的理论意义，也具有重要的实践意义。
英文摘要：	Goals, either consciously or unconsciously, guide judgment and choices, encouraging goal-consistent behavior. Much of our everyday behavior is goal-directed. As consumers, we constantly think about desired outcomes as well as end-points, and frequently reevaluate the gap between where we currently are in various aspects of our lives and where we yearn to be. We often set many goals for ourselves. Planning can improve goal-congruent behavior and future pursuit of goals, for example, planning lessens people’s tendency to underestimate the amount of time it takes to complete a task. Planning also leads to better performance in work. Furthermore, extensive research on implementation intentions suggests that specifying an action to perform and the situation in which to perform it is beneficial to goal attainment. Considerable research has shown that planning plays an important role in goal pursuit. But how does the way people plan affect goal pursuit? Research on this question is scarce. In the current research, we examined how scheduling the activities over time required for goal attainment in clock time and event time influences individuals’ motivation for and perceptions of goal pursuit. Previous research has not considered whether the existence of two main scheduling styles that people adopt to schedule their activities over time: clock-time scheduling and event-time scheduling. In particular, “clock-time,” where individuals divide time into objective and quantifiable units, and let an external clock dictate when tasks begin/end; and “event-time,” where tasks are planned relative to other tasks, and individuals transition from one to the next when they internally sense that the former task is complete . Across nine studies, this research demonstrated that compared with event-time scheduling, clock-time scheduling not only led to better goal completion, but also resulted in greater goal-relevant performance. We further demonstrated that this motivational effect occurred because clock-time scheduling prompt people to perceive busy which consequently increases greater goal motivation as well as greater performance. This research further suggested that goal difficulty can strengthen this effects. Specifically, the effect of clock time scheduling (vs. event time scheduling) on goal pursuit is strengthen when goal is difficult (vs. easy). This research further argued that for certain task, clock-time scheduling (vs. event-time scheduling) led to better goal completion and greater performance, however, for uncertain task, this effect was reversed, event-time scheduling (vs. clock-time scheduling) led to better goal completion as well as greater performance. Furthermore, according to our theory, clock-time scheduling prompt people to perceive busy which consequently increases greater goal motivation and goal-relevant performance. If this is indeed case, then our predicted effects are less likely to emerge for tasks that are urgent (vs. unurgent) amenable to such effects. This is because urgent task may trigger perceived busyness which may attenuated the differential effect of the scheduling style on goal pursuit. The results of study six indicated that for urgent task, the participants across the two conditions did not have significant differences in terms of goal completion and performance, however, for unurgent task, clock-time scheduling (vs. event-time scheduling) trigger greater perceived busyness, led to better goal completion and greater performance. Finally, we demonstrated that for individuals who are in high procrastination tendency, clock time scheduling led to better goal completion and greater performance, but for those who are in high precrastination tendency, event-time scheduling led to better goal completion and greater performance. This research explored the differential effect of the scheduling style on consumer goal pursuit, and clarified the boundary conditions to this effect. Given that individuals frequently construct plans for goal pursuit, our findings shed light on the importance of the time construct of plan making and show that clock-time scheduling vs. event-time scheduling can trigger perceived busyness led to greater goal completion and goal-related performance. These findings contribute to the planning and goal pursuit literature, offering novel insights into the plan making.
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