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论文编号：	1106
作者编号：	2220070576
上传时间：	2009/6/8 21:58:40
中文题目：	基于价值链的库存管理研究
英文题目：	The inventory management under
指导老师：	古志辉
中文关键字：	价值链;库存管理;供应商管理库存
英文关键字：	Value chain;Inventory manageme
中文摘要：	中文摘要 库存对企业是重要和必要的，但是如果库存保有量过多的话，它就会占用企业很多流动资金，影响企业的资金周转。而且这部分资金还会带来管理费用，造成浪费。针对库存的这些缺点，有的管理学家甚至提出“库存是万恶之本”这种极端的观点。随着新经济时代的到来，传统的存货管理模式在新制造环境下暴露出越来越多的缺陷和不适应。基于现代价值链成本观的存货管理系统和方法体系迅速兴起，已成为发展的必然趋势。现代企业只有树立现代价值链成本观，选择现代企业存货管理策略和方法，才能达到成本先进的目的，进而实现价值最大化。作为一种以用户和供应商双方都获得最低成本为目的，在一个共同的协议下由供应商管理库存，并不断监督协议执行情况和修正协议内容，使库存管理得到持续地改进的合作性策略。这种库存管理策略打破了传统的各自为政的库存管理模式。体现了供应链的集成化管理思想，适应市场变化的要求，是一种新的、有代表性的库存管理思想。 随着科学技术的进步，供应链管理已经成为继资源合理利用和劳动效率提高之后的第三利润源泉。企业之间的竞争也已经逐渐演化为供应链之间的竞争，而在供应链中对库存的管理是一个重要的方面，库存管理已经成为”第三利润源泉”的核心。 在由供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商和客户依次连接的供应链中，沿着供应链环节向上游移动，随着需求不稳定性的增加，预测的准确度也逐渐降低，这是由下游采购方的方式所导致的结果。其中补充订货的决策及相关信息管理由库存的使用者掌握，而库存的供应者只是被动地接受信息，响应周期长、库存积压风险大，导致制造商和零售商库存增加。而如果由供应商管理库存，将大大减少信息失真和库存积压，减少库存使用者的管理负担，降低总成本。 因此，把库存水平控制在一个最理想的状态是企业和许多经济学家在库存管理方面追求的终极目标。目前供应商管理库存在分销链中的作用十分重要，因此便被越来越多的人重视。准确的需求预测是核心，供应商管理库存作为一种价值链优化的手段，强调的是价值链上供需的平衡。整条价值链上既没有积压的库存、也没有短缺，产品在供应链中快速流动，由此而带来的利益在供应链环节各个成员之间进行分享，实现共赢。但要实现价值链的优化和整体库存的减少，一个核心的问题就是如何保证需求预测的准确性。如果供需预测不准确，货物总会积压在供应商、分销商或者采购商手中，迟早会祸及整条价值链。其次责任和风险分担要明确，虽然VMI对双方都有利，但实施VMI需要支出一定的费用及承担不可预见的风险，任何一方的吃亏都可能导致VMI过早夭折，甚至可能会影响双方进一步的合作关系。买卖双方在协商VMI时一定要保持战略合作的态度来进行协商，争取双赢的局面。VMI的核心思想在于下游采购方放弃商品库存控制权，而由供应商掌握价值链上的商品库存动向，即由供应商依据采购方提供的每日商品销售资料和库存情况来集中管理库存，替零售商下订单或连续补货，从而实现对顾客需求变化的快速反应品销售资料和库存情况来集中管理库存。 价值链整体运作成本的最小化是价值链成本控制的最终目标。鉴于价值链库存成本占供应链总成本的比例多达30％。有效地管理供应链中节点企业的库存具有非常重要的意义。因此计划和协调管理供应链中的库存就成为最小化库存成本的重要手段。供应管理直接影响公司的资产管理，例如库存周转率、现金流。供应管理部门可通过供应商管理库存（VMI）转移库存给供应商，但更重要的是通过改善预测机制和采购流程，降低整条供应链的库存。例如在美国半导体设备制造行业，由于行业的周期性太强，过度预测、过度生产非常普遍，大公司动辄注销几千万美金的库存。到头来，整个行业看上去赚了很多钱，但扣除过期库存，所剩无几。但有些公司通过提高预测和采购机制，成功地降低了库存，因而成为行业的佼佼者。所以，供应管理部门的绩效指标应该包括库存周转率。这样也可避免为了价格优惠而超量采购。 供应商管理库存模式成为企业界和学术界关注的焦点，许多研究者进行了并且还在继续进行相关的研究工作。从VMI模式下一般收益、VMI模式下运输和库存整合收益、VMI模式下信息共享收益三方面综述VMI收益，并指出今后的研究方向，对促进企业实施VMI有着重大的指导意义和现实意义。库存管理与控制是供应链管理的关键内容。只有做好库存管理与控制，才能组织并保证供应链的正常运作，在快速响应多样化客户需求的同时，提高客户的满意度和忠诚度，改善各节点企业的成本结构和收益，并最终进一步加强其合作关系。传统的库存控制方法明显不能满足这一要求。作为供应链集成化运作的库存决策代理模式——VMI有助于打破传统的各自为政和条块分割的传统库存管理状况，它以双方都获得最低成本为目标，在一个共同的框架协议下由供应商代理用户（分销商或零售商）行使库存控制的决策能力，并通过对该框架协议经常性的监督和修正使库存管理得到持续的改进。 在实施VMI策略中，相互信任和信息共享是非常重要的，供应商和零售商都要有良好的合作精神，这样才能保持长期较好的合作；互惠原则，VMI不是成本如何分配或由哪一方支付的问题，而是减少双方的成本问题。通过VMI使双方的成本都得到减少。目标一致性原则，双方各自明确各自的责任，在观念上达成一致；持续改进的原则，供需双方能共享利益和消除浪费。
英文摘要：	Abstract Stock-to-business is an important and necessary, but if you keep the volume too much inventory, it will occupy a lot of liquidity in enterprises, the impact of corporate cash flow. This part of the funds and management fees will create a waste of resources. Inventory for these shortcomings, some management experts and even the "inventory is the root of all evil," such an extreme point of view. With the arrival of the new economic era, the traditional model of inventory management in the new manufacturing environment has exposed the growing number of defects and are not suited. Based on the cost of the modern concept of value chain inventory management system and method for the rapid rise of system has become the inevitable trend of development. Only by establishing a modern enterprise value chain, the cost of a modern concept, choice of a modern enterprise inventory management strategies and methods in order to achieve the purpose of the cost of advanced, thereby maximizing the value. As a user and supplier to obtain the lowest cost to both sides for the purpose of, in a common agreement by the supplier-managed inventory, and provide continuing supervision of the implementation of the agreement and amendments to the agreement, so that inventory management continued to improve co-operation strategy . This inventory management strategy to break the traditional pattern of their own inventory management. Reflects the integrated supply chain management thinking, to adapt to the changing requirements of the market, is a new, representative thinking of inventory management. With the progress of science and technology, supply chain management has become the rational use of resources and labor efficiency after the third profit source. Competition among enterprises has been gradually evolved into the competition among the supply chain, and in the supply chain, inventory management is an important aspect of inventory management has become "the third profit source" of the core. By suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers in order to connect the supply chain, along the supply chain to the upper reaches of the mobile, with an increase in the volatility of demand, forecast accuracy has been gradually reduced, which procurement by the downstream side of the manner in which a result. Which added orders and related decision-making information management from the user master inventory, and supplier of stock just passively receive information, respond to cycle length, risk inventories, leading manufacturers and retailers to increase inventory. And if by the supplier-managed inventory, will greatly reduce the backlog and inventory information distortion, reduce the burden of inventory management of users and reduce overall costs. Therefore, to control inventory levels in a state is the best businesses and many economists regard to inventory management in the pursuit of the ultimate goal. VMI is currently in the distribution chain, the importance of the role, so they are more and more attention to the people. Accurate demand forecasting is the core, Vendor Managed Inventory as a means of optimizing the value chain, to emphasize that the value chain of supply and demand balance. The entire value chain do not have a backlog of inventory, there is no shortage of products in the supply chain, rapid flow, giving rise to the benefits of the various links in the supply chain to share among members and achieve a win-win situation. But to achieve the value chain optimization and the overall reduction in inventory, one core question is how to ensure the accuracy of demand forecasts. If supply and demand projections are accurate, the Federation of the backlog of goods suppliers, distributors or buyers who will be hurt, sooner or later, the entire value chain. Second, responsibility and risk-sharing must be clear, although the VMI is beneficial to both sides, but the need for expenditure on the implementation of VMI and bear the cost of certain unforeseen risks, the disadvantage of any party may lead to premature mortality VMI might even affect the two sides will further cooperation relations. VMI when buyers and sellers in the consultations must maintain a strategic co-operative attitude to reach an win-win situation. VMI's core idea is to give up the lower reaches of the procurement of goods inventory control, and acquire by the supplier of the commodity value chain inventory movements, that is the basis of procurement by the supplier to provide information on daily sales and inventory management to focus on inventory, for retailers or continuous replenishment orders in order to achieve changes in customer needs for rapid response to sales of goods and inventory management to focus on inventory. The overall operation of the value chain to minimize the cost of the value chain is the ultimate goal of cost control. Given the value chain, supply chain inventory costs accounted for the proportion of the total cost of up to 30%. Effective management of supply chain inventory node enterprises of great significance. So plan and coordinate the management of the supply chain to minimize inventory has become an important means of inventory costs. Supply Management, a direct impact on the company's asset management, such as inventory turns, cash flow. Supply management through vendor managed inventory (VMI) the transfer of inventory to the supplier, but more importantly, by improving the forecasting mechanism and procurement processes, reduce the entire supply chain inventory. For example, in the U.S. semiconductor equipment manufacturing industry, due to the cyclical nature of the industry is too strong, over-forecasting, over-production is very common, large companies often write off tens of millions of dollars in inventory. End of the day, the whole industry looks to make a lot of money, but the deduction expired inventory left. However, some companies by improving the forecasting and procurement mechanisms, have succeeded in reducing inventory, has become the industry leader. Therefore, supply management performance indicators should be included in inventory turns. This could also be price concessions in order to avoid excessive procurement. VMI model as a business and the academic focus of attention of many researchers and is still associated research work. VMI mode from general revenue, VMI mode integrated transport and inventory receipts, VMI mode of information sharing under the Summary of VMI earnings gains in three areas, and pointed out that the direction of future research, to promote the implementation of VMI has a major guiding significance and practical significance. Inventory management and control of supply chain management is a key element. Only do a good job in inventory management and control, in order to organize and ensure the normal operation of the supply chain, in the rapid response at the same time the diversification of customer needs, enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty, to improve the node's cost structure and corporate earnings and, ultimately, further strengthen its relations of cooperation. The traditional method of inventory control clearly can not meet this requirement. As the operation of integrated supply chain inventory model of decision-making agents - VMI helps to break the tradition of co-ordination and fragmentation of the traditional inventory management situation, which was the lowest cost to both sides as the goal, in the framework of a common agreement by the supplier Deputy business users (distributors or retailers) to exercise decision-making ability of inventory control, and through a framework agreement for the regular monitoring and inventory management have been amended to enable continuous improvement. In the implementation of VMI strategy, mutual trust and information sharing is very important, suppliers and retailers must have a good spirit of cooperation, so as to better maintain long-term co-operation; the principle of reciprocity, VMI is not how to allocate the costs of the parties or to pay, but to reduce the cost of the two sides. VMI through the cost of the two sides have been reduced. Goal of consistency, both sides have their respective responsibilities clearly, to reach a consensus on the concept; the principle of continuous improvement, supply and demand in the interests of both sides can share and eliminate waste.
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