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论文编号：	10840
作者编号：	1120150840
上传时间：	2018/12/24 14:23:51
中文题目：	社区氛围是如何影响用户创意质量的：基于企业主导的开放创新社区的研究
英文题目：	How Community Climate Influences the Quality of User Ideas：A Study Based on Firm-hosted Open Innovation Communities
指导老师：	焦媛媛
中文关键字：	开放创新社区；社区氛围；用户创意质量；用户就绪；创新任务
英文关键字：	open innovation community, community climate, quality of user ideas, user preparedness, type of innovation task
中文摘要：	创意是创新的首个阶段，是产品创新和商业成功的关键驱动力。在强调差异化的竞争环境中，生成和管理持续的创意流入对于企业开发新产品、新服务和新流程至关重要。在开放式创新背景下，许多企业已不满足于在组织内部寻求创意，而是更多地邀请外部用户参与到创意生成过程中。为此，许多企业引入了Web2.0技术作为连接企业和外部创造力的窗口，其中最重要的一种工具即开放创新社区。在企业主导的开放创新社区中，用户可以相互交流、学习、合作和竞争，为主导企业贡献有价值的创意。一些知名企业，例如小米、海尔、戴尔和星巴克等都从开放创新社区中获取了大量具有商业潜力的创意。尽管如此，在实践中也有许多开放创新社区面临着失败的危险：一些社区并未能使用户产生足够多的贡献；一些社区则被低质量的内容“淹没”了。这些失败的实践表明仅仅构建一个开放创新社区是不够的，企业要对开放创新社区进行精心的管理，才能提升社区中的创意质量。 在开放创新社区中，用户的行为是“镶嵌”在虚拟的交互情境中的。因此，尽管企业无法通过传统的控制手段直接影响用户，但是可以通过营造良好的社区氛围，使用户产生被社区所期望、鼓励和支持的心理感知，从而促进创意生成过程。由此，基于用户创新理论、创造力理论和组织氛围理论，本研究旨在探讨“开放创新社区氛围是如何影响用户创意质量的”这一核心问题，并具体通过四个逐步递进的子研究回答该问题：子研究一利用扎根理论对25名企业经理、社区管理员和用户的访谈资料展开质性分析，初步构建了本研究的的概念框架；子研究二在子研究一的基础上，通过归纳和演绎题项、内容效度检验、因子分析等步骤，开发了开放创新社区氛围的量表；子研究三在子研究一和二的基础上，基于环境心理学中的“S-O-R”理论提出了研究假设，并利用层级线性回归方法对假设进行了实证检验；子研究四进一步区分了用户创意中的核心系统创意和周边系统创意，利用构型理论中的fsQCA方法，探讨了能够取得高质量创意的社区构型。研究有主要有以下发现： （1）开放创新社区氛围是一个二阶构念，包括创新氛围、互动氛围和控制氛围三个维度。利用扎根理论方法界定了开放创新社区氛围的内涵：社区氛围是成员对社区中所重复出现的态度、实践和行为模式的共同感知。进一步地，开发了包含3个一阶因子和10个二阶因子的开放创新社区氛围量表，其三个一阶因子创新氛围、互动氛围和控制氛围。 （2）社区氛围对用户创意质量有正向影响，并且用户就绪发挥了中介的作用。通过层级线性回归方法验证了社区创新氛围、互动氛围和控制氛围对用户创意均有显著的正向影响。并且，用户就绪在互动氛围和用户创意质量的关系之间起部分中介作用，在控制氛围和用户创意质量的关系之间起完全中介作用。这说明互动氛围和控制氛围都有助于提升用户就绪程度，进而产生高质量创意。 （3）利用fsQCA方法，识别出了能够获高质量创意的两种基本社区构型：创新导向型社区（限定任务社区、领先用户社区）和互动导向型社区（同侪互动社区、开放竞赛社区）。创新导向型社区具有高创新氛围和高控制氛围的特征，有助于获取核心系统高质量创意；而互动导向型社区具有高互动氛围和较低的控制氛围，有助于获取周边系统高质量创意。 研究所作出的理论贡献分布在组织氛围研究、用户创新理论和开放创新社区研究三个领域。首先，本研究开发的开放创新社区氛围量表明确了社区氛围的内涵、边界和内部结构，不仅丰富了传统的组织氛围研究，也为关于社区氛围的研究提供了操作化测量工具，夯实了未来实证研究的基础；其次，本研究提出和验证的“社区氛围-用户就绪-用户创意质量”的理论框架，是对用户创新绩效前因的重要补充，弥补了以往用户创新研究重视个体特征而忽视社会情景的缺陷；最后，本研究提炼的四种能够取得高质量创意的社区构型，不仅解释了不同社区呈现出差异性绩效的原因，也为关于社区的讨论提供了概念基础。 本研究的创新点在于：首先，区别于以往宽泛的社区用户行为的研究，本研究聚焦于用户的创意，这是对以往用户行为研究的进一步聚焦和深化，有助于形成对用户行为更精准的理解。其次，现有文献多从个体视角探讨用户创意质量的影响因素，而忽略了社会情境的影响。本研究则从社区氛围出发探索用户创意质量的影响因素，揭示了社区氛围影响用户创意质量的中间机制。第三，尽管对开放创新社区的研究越来越丰富，然而尚未有系统的框架将差异化的开放创新社区类型归纳进来。本研究基于构型理论，归纳了能够产生高质量用户创意的社区类型，不仅提供了一个关于开放创新社区类型的讨论框架，同时也为开放创新社区的环境和机制设计提供了新视角。
英文摘要：	Ideation is viewed as the first stage of an innovation process, and idea is a driver for successful product innovation and business success. Generating and managing a continuous inflow of ideas is considered crucial to develop new products, processes, and services. Many firms are no longer satisfied with seeking ideas within the organization, but more invite external individuals to participate in their ideation process. Previous research has shown that users with extensive product knowledge and experience can often outperform the ideas generated by internal efforts. Hence, many firms introduced new web-enabled technologies and tools to better support the communication between firms and external creativity. Among these tools, firm-hosted open innovation community（OIC）that aim to access the collective intelligence of crowds have become increasingly popular. These communities enable organizations to support the generation, development, and evaluation of ideas coming from diverse and widely distributed users. Some companies have gained a large number of commercial potential ideas from the open innovation community, such as Xiaomi, Dell, Haier and Starbucks. Despite their benefits and promising potential, the usefulness of OICs is still under debate. Numerous studies, in fact, have shown that most attempts to use OICs for potential ideas underperform or fail. Researchers have started to investigate the challenges that organizations face when managing OICs. These failed practices show that merely building an open innovation community is not enough, companies need to carefully manage OICs to promote users to produce high-quality ideas. However, most existing researches discuss the antecedents of user’s idea quality from the perspective of individual characteristics or motivation, but they cannot answer which management methods firms can adopt to affect user’s idea quality, so they can provide limited guidance for practice. According to the theory of creativity, individual's creativity depends on the interaction between the individual and the environment, the individual's social environment has an important influence on their creativity. In OICs, user’s behavior is “embedded” in virtual interactive context. Therefore, although firms cannot directly affect users through traditional means of control, they can create favorable community climate to generate psychological perceptions that are expected, encouraged and supported by the community, thus promoting the ideation process. Based on the theory of user innovation, creativity and organizational climate, this study tries to answer a key question, that is, how open innovation community climate impact on the quality of user ideas? This research answers the question through four stepwise sub-studies. In sub-study 1, based on grounded theory, qualitative analysis was conducted on the interview data of 25 firm managers, community administrators and users, then the conceptual framework of this study is constructed. On the basis of sub-study 1, sub-study 2 developed the scale of Open Innovation Community Climate through induction and deduction items, content validity test and factor analysis. On the basis of sub-study 1 and 2, according to “S-O-R” theory, sub-study 3 proposed research hypothesis and research framework, and the hypothesis is empirically tested by the hierarchical linear modeling. To explorer the moderate role of innovation domain, sub-study 4 distinguished the core system ideas from peripheral system ideas. By using fsQCA method in configurational theory, sub-study 4 analyzed community configuration types that can achieve high-quality ideas. Overall, this study mainly comes to several conclusions as follows: （1）The Open Innovation Community Climate is a second-order construct. This study defines the connotation of Open Innovation Community Climate: community climate is the common perception of the participants’ attitude, practice and behavior pattern that appears repeatedly in the community. And the three dimensions of Open Innovation Community Climate are innovation climate, interaction climate and control climate, which respectively reflect the purpose, form and situation of activities in OICs. （2）Community climate has a positive impact on the of user’s idea quality, and user preparedness played mediation effect between community climate and user’s idea quality. Through hierarchical regression model, it is verified that all of innovation climate, interaction climate and control climate have significant positive effects on user’s idea quality. In addition, the study also confirmed that user preparedness plays an intermediary role between interactive climate and user idea quality, control climate and user ideas quality. This indicates that both interactive and controlling climate can help to improve the user preparedness for contributing high quality ideas. （3）Using fsQCA method, this study identified two basic community configurations for high quality ideas: the innovation-oriented community （Task-oriented community, Lead-user community）and the interactive community （Peer community, Open competition community）. The innovation-oriented community has the characteristics of high innovation climate and high controlling climate, which is conducive to obtaining high-quality ideas in core systems, while the interactive community has high interactive climate and low controlling climate, which is conducive to obtaining high-quality ideas in peripheral systems. This study discusses the influence mechanism of community climate on user’s idea quality. Therefore, the theoretical contribution of the study is distributed in three fields: organizational climate research, user innovation theory and open innovation community research. Firstly, the Open Innovation Community Climate scale developed in this study clarified the connotation, boundary and structure of community climate, which not only enriched the traditional organizational climate research, but also provided operational measurement tools for the research on community. Secondly, the theoretical framework of “community climate - user preparedness - user’s idea quality” proposed by this study is an important complement to user innovation theory. It makes up for the defect of previous user innovation research that focuses on individual characteristics and ignores social context. Finally, the four community configurations obtained in this study, not only explain the reasons why different communities present differentiated ideation performance, but also provides a conceptual basis for the discussion of open innovation communities. This study explores a novel approach to manage ideation in open innovation communities based on the use of the community climate. First of all, different from previous research, this study focuses on users’ idea quality rather than user behaviors. Secondly, existing literature mainly discusses the influence factors of users' idea quality from the individual perspective, but ignores the influence of social context. Based on the community climate, this study explores the social factors influencing t users’ idea quality, and also reveals the intermediate path between them. At last, this study concluded the community types that can generate high-quality ideas, not only providing a discussion framework about the type of open innovation community, but also providing a new perspective for the research on the design of OICs.
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