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论文编号：	10804
作者编号：	2120163062
上传时间：	2018/12/11 16:25:05
中文题目：	热计量对JA企业经营收入的影响研究
英文题目：	Research on the impact of heat metering on JA company’s operating income
指导老师：	王永进
中文关键字：	热计量；热价；天津市；集中供热
英文关键字：	heat metering; heating price; Tianjin; central heating
中文摘要：	近些年来，国家为降低建筑能耗，提高供热行业的管理效率和市场化水平，提出了“热计量”这一概念。我国要实现城镇供热体制改革，没有供热计量的实施显然是不行的，它是我国真正地实现用热货币化、商品化的一种标志，同时也强调用热用户必须时时刻刻地想到节约，因此，加大力度开展供热计量和收费意义非凡。当前，在我国无论是供热的计量方法、产品以及技术等各方面条件已经具备，供热系统建设工作如火如荼，同时改造的技术规范也相对完善。与此同时，实施热计量会对供热行业产生全面的影响，本文选取作为天津市较大规模的集中供热企业JA企业为研究对象，JA企业为响应政府号召以及探索改革积极发展，已经开始实行居民热计量收费，从而探讨了实施热计量后的影响和如何消除所带来的影响。通过本次研究，从体制、人力、技术及经营四个方面，利用案例分析法和SWOT分析法在内的多种分析方法为JA企业实施热计量后的策略制定提供依据，同时，也为我国供热行业的其他企业实施热计量提供参考。对此本文主要做了以下几方面工作。 首先对集中供热计量收费的原理和国内以及国外供热计量的发展情况做了相应的阐述，归纳总结出国外供热计量的先进经验以及国内试点城市的热计量改革成绩，总结出我国建筑常用热计量的现状，从中分析适合我国国情的分户热热量方法。热计量会让民众自觉的来节约能源。供热企业也会因为民众主动的节约行为，无形之中使得成本的支出更低，同时资源得到了节省。不过，对于国家这一改革的方向，很多供热企业并不主动，主要的原因是热计量工作的推行本身有着许多的难度需要克服，例如，现在的热价格不够合理，企业整体的管理水平存在不足，热计量入户改造需要的资金无法落实，企业因为热计量突然的开始对未来可能带来的收入情况没有明确的预判，企业应对举措匮乏等。 第二，对天津市供热市场以及热计量收费现状进行分析，对JA企业从体制、人力、技术及经营状况等几方面进行了全面介绍：体制上JA企业在天津市属于行业垄断性质，生产经营活动缺少竞争压力，观念缺乏更新，仍停留在计划经济管理模式。企业虽然一直在发展，但是没有从根本上摆脱旧观念、旧体制、旧习惯的影响，企业缺乏活力和市场竞争能力；人才上JA企业离退休人员逐年增加，企业统筹外支出绝对数额居高不下，经统计其离退休人员占企业人员总数的比例在22%，包袱沉重；技术上企业的技术工作和技术创新活动缺少规划，具有技术特点和创新性质的工作大多集中在达产达标、技术改造、综合利用和生产管理等方面，企业生产管理水平低、科学运行能力差，生产能源浪费严重，生产成本居高不下。经营上JA企业利润较低，包袱沉重，融资能力普遍较弱，甚至失去了融资渠道，只能勉强维持，无法健康持续发展。 第三，通过分析供热价格制定的程序和调整的原则，研究了现行热价和热计量后两部制热价的构成和成本影响因素。同时利用SWOT分析工具，对二部制价格进行分析，两部制热价可以大幅度地降低因为热需求变化而给企业带来财务安全方面的风险，让企业更好更健康地运营，但同时也可能造成价格倒挂，JA企业的热计量营业收入无法满足其成本，也大大减少了JA企业的经营收入。 第四，通过选取JA企业样本小区，采集2016-2017采暖季以及2017-2018采暖季数据对实行热计量前后的热费收入进行分析：在直接经济效益上，JA企业实施热计量前收入471102.35元，实行热计量后，对于该小区205户居民样本，2016-2017采暖季供热收入减少125085.45元，2017-2018采暖季供热收入减少112414.35元，取两年均值，合每年收入减少约118750元，均摊到每户收入减少579元；在间接经济效益上，JA企业在实施集中供热时将平均热指标设定在34W/㎡，而采取计量收费方式后平均热指标是26W/㎡，相对于实施供热计量方案前，总能耗降低了150kW，由此可以推断，在当前的投资规模下可以使供热企业富余供热能力提高4500㎡左右，显著降低了热源建设资金。然后分析了JA企业实施热计量后管理的要求和特点，找出了JA企业以及其他供热企业不积极推进热计量收费的原因。 最后从对JA企业实行热计量后面临的问题进行了分析，从技术以及经营两个方面提出了JA企业消除热计量产生的影响应采取的措施：在技术上，可以首先构建更加完善的供热计量服务系统，其次解决系统水力平衡等技术问题 ，同时推广节能建筑中的供热计量工程，还可以选择热力站负荷作为参考单位进行供热计量；在经营上，JA企业可以在经营上扩大供热规模来增加经营收入，同时积极宣传为热计量构建良好的舆论氛围；再者建立健全各项节能规章制度来加大管理力度 采暖收费制度的改革，在给JA企业带来发展契机的同时，也带来了前所未有的压力。本文的研究有助于JA企业掌握实施热计量后面临的困难和自身存在的问题，提出的解决办法：体制上JA企业如果不进行企业组织架构进行改变以及技术进行更新，将会不适应未来大规模热计量收费的实施，甚至会阻碍企业的发展；技术上提出JA企业可以利用冗余热量发展新负荷来缓解热费收入减少的问题。同时对JA企业应对热计量的影响有指导作用，JA企业也会为其供热范围内更多小区实施热计量和按热耗收费做好准备，也对政府和行业管理部门制定有关政策及推进热计量各项工作有建设性作用。
英文摘要：	In recent years, China has proposed the concept of “heat-metering” in order to reduce the energy consumption of building and improve the management efficiency and marketization level of the heating industry. For the purpose of realizing the reform of urban heating system in China, it is obviously necessary to have the implementation of heat metering, which is a sign that China truly realizes monetization and commodification of heat use. It’s also emphasized that heat users must always think of saving energy, therefore, it is of great significance to increase efforts to conduct heat metering and charging. At present, the measurement methods, products and technologies of heating supply are already in place in China, and the construction of heating systems is in full swing, and the technical specifications for transformation are relatively complete. At the same time, the implementation of heat metering will have a comprehensive impact on the heating industry. In this paper, we select JA enterprises, which is a large-scale centralized heating enterprise in Tianjin as the research object. JA enterprises have begun to respond to the government call and explore the positive development of reform, and it has begun to implement residential heat metering charges and explores the impact of the implementation of heat metering and the methods to eliminate the impact. Through this research, we can provide a basis for JA companies to implement the strategy after heat measurement from the four aspects of system, including manpower, technology and management, by using case analysis and SWOT analysis methods. At the same time, we can also provide reference for the implementation of heat metering for other Chinese companies in the heating industry. This article mainly does the following work. Firstly, the corresponding explanations of the principle of centralized heating metering and charging as well as the development of domestic and foreign heating metering are given, and the advanced experience of heating metering in the foreign country and the results of heat metering reform in domestic pilot cities are summarized. The current status of heat metering was summarized, from which we analyze the household heat and heat method that is suitable for China's national conditions. Heat metering will make people consciously save energy. Heating companies will also make the cost of expenditures lower and the resources will be saved because of the people's initiative saving-behavior. However, for the direction of the national reform, many heating companies are not active. The main reason is that the implementation of the heat metering work has many difficulties to overcome. For example, the current hot price is not reasonable enough, and the overall management level of the enterprise is insufficient, and the funds needed for heat metering and household transformation cannot be implemented. Enterprises have not made a clear pre-judgment of the income situation that may be brought about in the future because of the sudden heat metering, and there is a lack of corporate response measures. Secondly, it analyzes the current situation of Tianjin heating market and heat metering charges, and comprehensively introduces JA enterprises from the aspects of system, manpower, technology and business status: JA company is an industry monopoly in Tianjin, which has the problem of the lack of competitive pressures in business activities, the lack of renewal of ideas, and it remains the management model of the central-planning period. Although the enterprise has been developing, it has not fundamentally get rid of the influence of old ideas, old systems, and old habits. The company lacks vitality and market competitiveness. The number of retirees of JA enterprises has increased year by year, and the absolute amount of corporate external expenditure has remained high. According to statistics, the proportion of retirees in the total number of employees is 22%, which is a heavy burden; the technical work and technological innovation activities of the enterprises are lack of planning, and the works with technical characteristics and innovative features are mostly concentrated in the aspects of achievement of standards, technological transformation, comprehensive utilization and production management. The company has low production management level, poor scientific operation capability, serious waste of production energy, and high production costs. The profit of JA enterprises is low and the burden is heavy, and also the financing ability is generally weak, and even the financing channels are lost. They can only barely maintain the current state and cannot develop healthily and sustainably. Thirdly, the composition and cost influencing factors of the two-part heating price after the current heat price and heat metering are studied by analyzing the procedures and adjustment principles of heating price formulation. At the same time, it is the SWOT analysis tool that we used to analyze the price of the two-part system, and the two-part heating price can greatly reduce the risk of financial security caused by the change of heat demand, so that the company can operate better and healthily. But at the same time, it may also cause the inversion of price. JA's heat metering revenue cannot meet its cost, which also greatly reduces the operating income of JA companies. Fourthly, we collected the 2016-2017 heating season and the 2017-2018 heating season data to analyze the heat fee income before and after the implementation of heat metering by selecting the JA enterprise sample community: in terms of direct economic benefits, JA enterprises implement the pre-heat metering income of RMB 471,102.35. After the implementation of heat metering, for the sample of 205 households in the community, the heating income in the heating season of 2016-2017 decreased by RMB 125,085.45, and the heating income in the heating season of 2017-2018 decreased by RMB 112,414.35, and the annual income decreased by about RMB 118,750 by taking the average of two years and the average income per household is reduced by RMB 579; in terms of indirect economic benefits, JA enterprises set the average thermal index at 34W/m2 when implementing centralized heating, and the average thermal index after measuring and charging is 26W/m2. Before the implementation of the heat metering scheme, the total energy consumption was reduced by 150 kW. It can be inferred that under the current investment scale, the heating capacity of the heating enterprises can be increased by about 4,500 m2, which significantly reduces the construction cost of the heat source. Then we analyze the requirements and characteristics of JA enterprise's implementation of heat metering management and finds out why JA enterprises and other heating companies do not promote heat metering charges actively. Finally, the paper puts forward the measures that JA enterprises should take to eliminate the impact of heat metering from the aspects of technology and management by analyzing the problems faced by JA enterprises after the implementation of heat metering: technically, we can first build more perfect heat metering service system, and then we need to solve technical problems such as system hydraulic balance and promote the heat metering project in energy-efficient buildings. we can also select the heat station load as a reference unit for heat metering. In terms of operation, JA enterprises can expand their supply scale of heat to increases the operating income, and actively promote the construction of a good public opinion atmosphere for the heat metering; we can also establish and improve various energy-saving rules and regulations to increase management. The reform of the heating charging system has brought developing opportunities for JA enterprises, and at the same time, it has also brought unprecedented pressure. The research in this paper helps JA enterprises to know the difficulties and problems existing in the implementation of heat metering and propose solutions to the problems: institutionally, if JA enterprises do not change their organizational structure and update their technology, they will not adapt to the implementation of scale heat metering charges in the future, which may even hinder the development of enterprises; technically, JA enterprises can use redundant heat to develop new loads to alleviate the problem of reduced heat fee income. At the same time, it plays a guiding role for JA enterprises to cope with the impact of heat metering. JA enterprises will also prepare for heat metering and heat consumption charges for more communities in the scope of heating, and also plays a constructive role in the formulation of relevant policies and promotion of heat metering for government and industry management departments.
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