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论文编号：	10340
作者编号：	2220160908
上传时间：	2018/12/6 1:25:59
中文题目：	深圳市公共交通领域的新能源应用实践研究
英文题目：	New energy in the field of public transportation in Shenzhen Applied practice research
指导老师：	赵伟
中文关键字：	新能源 公交车 公共交通
英文关键字：	New Energy Public Bus Public Transportation
中文摘要：	研究背景和内容：随着全球性环境污染的日益严重和能源危机的不断加剧，新能源开发和利用受到世界各国的广泛关注。在政府和企业界的共同推动下，我国的新能源产业近些年蓬勃发展，而其中新能源如何有效落地、如何与传统产业相结合应用，成为关键的一环。我国公共交通领域对新能源车辆的推广始于2012年，当年国务院下发《关于优先发展公共交通的指导意见》，明确了工作重点。2015年，交通运输部提出全力推进公交都市的创建，再度强调了推广新能源公交车的重要性。经过几年的快速发展，近两年随着我国对新能源汽车的财政补贴的变化(补贴的退坡)，用户的购买成本也在增加。目前国内对这一领域的研究还处于初步阶段，大部分集中在发动机及其他零部件的技术设计方向，对新能源汽车的应用、推广、政策的有效性研究较少。这就是本文研究的目的。研究思路和方法第一，对新能源在交通领域的应用研究背景进行了阐述，同时，结合国内外新能源利用的研究现状，提出了本文的研究内容、方法和研究思路。第二，对相关理论的概述，主要包括市场失灵理论、赶超理论、竞争优势理论、产业化理论和政策工具理论。第三，分析了我国新能源运输业的现状和存在的问题，包括推动新能源汽车在公共交通领域应用的优势、国内外情况、新能源公交车的应用已取得阶段性成果分析、新能源在交通领域应用中的问题分析以及新能源运输业的SWOT分析，即新能源运输业发展的优势(S)、劣势(W)、机遇(O)和挑战(T)。第四，对深圳市公共交通中新能源汽车应用的案例进行研究，主要包括深圳市新能源公交车的基本情况、使用现状及存在的问题分析。第五，对深圳市公共交通新能源汽车应用策略的实施保障的研究，主要包括政策支持、监管体系、技术创新和外势、政府的战略规划与实施对策。深圳市公共交通中新能源汽车应用及其策略深圳市是新能源汽车开发的活跃城市，也是全国首批新能源汽车示范推广试点城市、全国绿色低碳环保交通试点城市，深圳公交电动化率居全国前列。自2009年以来，深圳就开始推广新能源汽车，据来自深圳市交委的公开数据显示，截至2017年底，深圳已累计推广新能源汽车超过15万辆，其中纯电动公交车1.6万余辆，除部分应急运力外，全市日常专营公交车辆已全部实现纯电动化。纯电动出租车1.3万余辆、纯电动通勤车2400余辆、纯电动物流车3.1万余辆、新能源租赁汽车9200余辆、新能源私家车4.9万余辆、其他新能源汽车1300余辆，是新能源在公共交通领域转型应用的典型。深圳市新能源汽车的发展离不开政策的支持和引导，其城市激励工具共有15种，数量上处于国内领先水平；货币与非货币类工具比例为3:2,其中购置、使用和基础设施类的工具数量分别为8、5和2种，配置相对较为均衡。同为一线城市，深圳的激励工具总量和类型与上海、北京相当甚至超过。取得这些成绩的同时，也存在些客观问题：一是电池寿命问题，传统公交车比新能源公交车的寿命长，新能源车电池衰减严重。二是成本问题，纯电动车、新能源车的造价比传统车要高得多。三是充电桩的问题，充电桩数量无法跟上车辆的需求。四是政策推广不均与政策制定滞后问题。五是地方保护政策和激励落实滞后问题。深圳针对以上问题，也做了一些应对策略，一是深圳市政府给予本市范围内的新能源车辆和充电设施多种支持，包括购置补贴、充电设施建设补贴和动力电池回收补贴以及其他推广应用优惠。二是加强落实清查各区政府设置的不合理的地方准入制度或备案制度，把重点放在为企业跨地区扩张，创造良好的氛围，促进企业跨地区合作，进一步增强实力上。三是在新能源产业政策制定环节统筹各新能源产业部门，统一标准，互通情况，统筹安排，突出各区新能源产业特色的同时，避免恶性竞争。四是加强政策的推广时效，避免推动滞后，深圳市加强专项绩效评价，及时调整专项政策落实规模和方向。深圳市公共交通新能源汽车应用策略的实施保障一、继续推进和发展新能源汽车,进一步完善政策体系。二、技术研发是新能源汽车发展的根本，必须加大整个产业的研发力度，使产品质量进一步提高。三、在逐步完善工况体系的同时，加强安全监管，建立市场抽检机制，不定期的对新能源汽车产品质量和一致性进行检验,对检验过程中发现的生产或使用假冒伪劣产品的企业依法进行惩处。四、政府应尽快在示范城市出台收费基础设施建设的方案和政策法规，对收费基础设施建立运营和维护公共平台，实现数据互联互通，传授收费基础建设的发展经验和指导意见，满足新能源汽车用户的使用要求。结语与展望新能源将极大地降低污染，应用在交通领域有利于优化交通结构，提高交通运输效率和整体效能水平，其对于新能源的推广和落地应用有很大的积极意义。本文以深圳这个前沿城市在新能源在公共交通领域的实际案例，研究了新能源在公共交通领域的转型推广实践，以及政府政策对新能源推广的影响，为其他地域城市的新能源产业落地提出相应的对策和方法：认为仍需以政府为主导，进一步完善政策补贴、进一步推动新能源产业技术、继续以新能源在公共交通领域的落地，以公交车客车、出租车等市场占据主导地位的公共出行方式上落地新能源，逐步影响公众对新能源的接受、促进新能源产业发展，构建竞争创新可持续的新能源产业生态。未来，新能源将不仅仅落地与公共交通领域，将更多的参与到人们的日常生活中，但新能源在各类产业的落地，依然离不开政府的政策引导和推动，而在公共交通领域，由公交大巴、再到出租车、再到电动自行车等，如何使新能源真正意义地替代和提升城市公共交通和慢行绿色交通出行，仍然任重道远，也依赖于新能源产业在各行各业的技术研究与实现。
英文摘要：	Research background and content: With increasing global environmental pollution problems and energy crisis, the development and utilization of new energy has attracted extensive attention from all countries in the world. Under the joint promotion of the government and the business community, China's new energy industry has been developing vigorously in recent years. The discussion of effective implement new energy and incorporation with traditional industries has become a key point. The promotion of new energy vehicles in the field of public transportation in China began in 2012. In the same year, the state council issued the “Guideline On Giving priority To The Development Of Public Transportation”, clarifying the priorities of this project. In 2015, the Ministry of Transport proposed to push forward the bus infrastructure in cities, and once again emphasized the importance of promoting new energy buses. After several years of rapid development, the purchasing cost for users is increasing due to changes of government subsidies for new energy vehicles in these two years (the decline of subsidies). Currently our domestic researches in this field are still in the preliminary stage, most of which focus on the technical design of engines and other parts. Only a few study the application, promotion and effectiveness of policies of new energy vehicles. This is the purpose of this paper. Research ideas and methods Firstly, the application and background of new energy in the field of transportation are studied. In the meantime, incorporating domestic and international research of new energy utilization, this paper presents the research contents, methods and research ideas. Secondly, the overview of relevant theories mainly includes market failure theory, catch-up theory, competitive advantage theory, industrialization theory and policy tool theory. Third, the status quo and existing problems of China's new energy transportation industry are analyzed, including the advantages of promoting the application of new energy vehicles in the field of public transportation. At home and abroad, the application of new energy buses has made periodic analysis on result. Problems in new energy applications in the field of transportation will be analyzed. This includes SWOT analysis of new energy transportation industry, that is, advantages (S), disadvantages (W), opportunities (O) and challenges (T) of the development of new energy transportation industry. Fourth, the case study on the application of new energy vehicles in public transportation in Shenzhen is carried out, mainly including the analysis of the basic situation, usage status and existing problems of new energy buses in Shenzhen. Fifth, the paper also studies the implemented protection of the application strategy of new energy vehicles for public transportation in Shenzhen mainly including policy support, regulatory system, technological innovation and external situation, as well as strategic planning and implementation countermeasures of the government. Application and strategy of new energy vehicles in public transportation in Shenzhen Shenzhen is also a progressive city for the development of new energy vehicles, being one of the first pilot cities for the promotion of new energy vehicles in China, and a pilot city for low-carbon and environment-friendly transportation. Shenzhen electric bus rates are ranked among the top nationwide since 2009. Since Shenzhen started to promote new energy vehicles, according to the date open to the public, by the end of 2017, it has extended to more than 150,000 new energy vehicles, including more than 16,000 pure electric bus. Except for some are being used for emergency response, the city has fully implemented pure electric bus on a daily basis. We have more than 13,000 pure electric taxis, 2,400 pure electric commuter vehicles, 31,000 pure electric logistics vehicles, 9,200 new energy rental vehicles, 49,000 new energy private cars and 1,300 other new energy vehicles. Shenzhen is a model for application of new energy in the field of public transportation. The development of new energy vehicles in Shenzhen cannot be separated from the support and guidance of government policies. There are 15 kinds of urban incentive tools, and this number is at the leading level in China. The ratio of monetary and non-monetary tools is 3:2, among which the number of tools purchased, used and infrastructure tools are 8, 5 and 2 respectively, and the allocation is relatively balanced. As a first-tier city, Shenzhen has the same amount and type of incentive tools as Shanghai and Beijing, if not more. With these achievements, there are some objective problems. One is the battery life of the traditional buses being longer than the one of new energy buses. The battery discharge rate has become a serious problem. Second problem is the cost. Pure electric vehicles and new energy vehicles cost much more than traditional cars. Third is the problem of charging piles. They cannot keep up with the demand of vehicles. Fourth problem is th inconsistent policy promotion and lagging policy formulation. Fifth problem is delayed implementation of local protection policies and incentives. Targeting problems mentioned above, Shenzhen has made some countermeasures. First, the Shenzhen government has given various supports to new-energy vehicles and charging facilities within the city, including purchase subsidies, charging facility construction subsidies, power battery recycling subsidies and other promotion and application preferential policies. Second, Shenzhen strengthened the implementation of the inventory of unreasonable local access system or filing system set up by the district government, with the focus on cross-regional expansion of enterprises, creating a good atmosphere, and promoted cross-regional cooperation of enterprises, further reinforcing the strength. Third, in the policy-making process of new energy industry, new energy industry departments should cooperate to unify standards by communicating with each other, making strategic arrangements, highlighting the characteristics of new energy industry in different districts, and avoid vicious competition. Fourth, Shenzhen strengthened the effectiveness of policy promotion to avoid delayed result. It strengthened special performance evaluation and timely adjust the scale and direction of special policy implementation. Ensuring Implementation of new energy vehicle application strategy for public transportation in Shenzhen (1) continue to promote and develop new energy vehicles and further improve the policy system. (2) technology research and development is the fundamental of the developing new energy vehicles. The research and development of the whole industry must be strengthened to further improve product quality. (3) while improving the working condition system step by step, strengthen safety supervision; establish the market sampling inspection mechanism; inspect the quality and consistency of new energy automobile products periodically, and punish the enterprises of fake and inferior products found in the inspection process following the law. (4) the government should introduce plans, policies and regulations for charging infrastructure construction in the model cities as soon as possible, establishing public platforms for operating and maintaining charging infrastructure, to achieve data interconnection and intercommunication, impart development experience and guidance opinions on charging infrastructure construction, and meet the requirements of new automobile users. Conclusion and prospect New energy will greatly reduce pollution, and its application in the field of transportation is conducive to optimizing the traffic structure, improving the efficiency and overall effectiveness of transportation, which plays a significant role in the promotion and application of new energy. Based on the study of the frontier city of Shenzhen, practical cases in the field of new energy in public transportation, studies of the new energy transformation promotion practices in the field of public transport, as well as the government's policy influence on the popularization of new energy, new energy industry for other regional cities put forward the corresponding countermeasures and methods. It is believed that further perfecting the subsidy policy led by the government is needed to further promote the new energy and industrial technology, continue to implement new energy in public transport dominated by buses and taxi. Future, the new energy will not only start with the public transportation, it will further penetrate our daily life. However the realization of new energy in various fields cannot be separated from the government's policies, guide line and promotion. In the field of public transport, from public bus, to taxi and electric bicycle, making true essence of new energy by replacing and upgrading urban public transportation and green transportation slow still has a long way to go. It also depends on the new energy industry research and implementation of technology in all walks of life.
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